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Passionflower Aerial Extract

Also known as: Passiflora incarnata, Passionflower, Maypop, Apricot Vine

Overview

Passiflora incarnata, commonly known as passionflower, is a perennial climbing vine native to the southeastern Americas. The above-ground parts of the plant, including the flowers, leaves, and stems, are used medicinally. Passionflower is primarily used for its anxiolytic and sedative properties, and it is also explored for antitussive effects. The plant contains flavonoids, maltol, cyanogenic glycosides, and harman indole alkaloids, which are believed to contribute to its pharmacological effects. Research on passionflower is moderately mature, with several clinical trials and preclinical studies, but many clinical studies have methodological limitations. The quality of evidence is variable, with some studies featuring inadequate methodologies, limited sample sizes, and a lack of detailed descriptions of the extract preparations. It is available in various forms, including infusions, teas, liquid extracts, and tinctures.

Benefits

Passionflower has shown potential benefits, particularly in reducing anxiety levels. Studies indicate that passionflower can be as effective as oxazepam in treating generalized anxiety disorder. A systematic review of nine clinical trials found that passionflower preparations reduced anxiety levels, although the effect was less evident in people with mild anxiety symptoms. Passionflower is also used to treat insomnia, though the evidence is less robust compared to its anxiolytic effects. Animal studies have demonstrated that passionflower extracts can inhibit cough, with effects comparable to codeine phosphate. Some studies suggest anticonvulsant effects in animal models, though results are inconsistent depending on the extraction method. The majority of studies have focused on adults with generalized anxiety disorder, showing significant reductions in anxiety levels.

How it works

Passionflower's anxiolytic effects are believed to be mediated through the GABAergic system, with its extracts eliciting GABA currents in hippocampal neurons. The indole alkaloids in passionflower resemble benzodiazepines and may interact with brain receptors to mediate a relaxation response. The flavonoids and harman indole alkaloids are thought to be key components in its pharmacological activity. These compounds may modulate GABA levels in the brain, promoting a calming effect. Further research is needed to fully elucidate the precise mechanisms of action and the specific molecular targets involved.

Side effects

Passionflower is generally considered safe and nontoxic in recommended doses for short-term use (less than 2 months). There is limited data on common side effects, but no significant adverse effects have been reported in most studies. No specific uncommon or rare side effects are well-documented. Passionflower may interact with other herbs, supplements, or medications, particularly those affecting the central nervous system. It should not be taken during pregnancy or breastfeeding due to a lack of safety data. No studies have examined the effects in children, so its use in pediatric populations is not recommended without medical supervision. Due to potential interactions, it is crucial to consult with a healthcare provider before using passionflower, especially if taking other medications or having underlying health conditions.

Dosage

Typical doses of passionflower range from 250 mg to 1000 mg per day of the dried extract. For anxiety, doses of 250-500 mg per day have been used in clinical studies. There is no established maximum safe dose, but long-term use beyond 2 months is not recommended due to a lack of safety data. The timing of administration can vary, but it is often taken before bedtime for sleep-related issues or as needed for anxiety. Available forms include infusions, teas, liquid extracts, and tinctures. It is important to start with a lower dose and gradually increase as needed, while monitoring for any adverse effects. Consult with a healthcare provider to determine the appropriate dosage based on individual needs and health status.

FAQs

Is passionflower safe?

Passionflower is generally safe for short-term use but should be avoided in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Consult a healthcare provider before use, especially if taking other medications.

When should I take passionflower?

Passionflower can be taken as needed for anxiety or before bedtime for sleep-related issues. Follow the recommended dosage guidelines and consult with a healthcare provider.

What results can I expect from passionflower?

Users may experience a reduction in anxiety levels and potentially improved sleep quality. Individual results may vary, and it is not a substitute for medical treatment.

Are there any misconceptions about passionflower?

Passionflower is not a substitute for medical treatment and should be used under medical supervision, especially if combined with other medications. It is essential to manage expectations.

Research Sources

https://www.drugs.com/npp/passion-flower.html – Drugs.com provides general information on passionflower, including its uses, dosage, and potential side effects. It serves as a broad overview of the herb's traditional applications and current research status.
https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/herb/passionflower – Mount Sinai's health library offers details on passionflower's benefits, safety, and interactions. It highlights the herb's potential in treating anxiety and sleep disorders, while also noting precautions and contraindications.
https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/5044387/mod_folder/content/0/artigos/Passiflora%20incarnata%20L.%20Ethnopharmacology,%20clinical%20application,%20safety.pdf – This paper reviews the ethnopharmacology, clinical applications, and safety of Passiflora incarnata L. It discusses the traditional uses of passionflower, its clinical efficacy in treating anxiety and insomnia, and its safety profile, emphasizing the need for further rigorous studies.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33352740/ – This systematic review evaluated the effects of Passiflora incarnata on neuropsychiatric disorders. It included nine clinical trials and found that passionflower preparations reduced anxiety levels, with no adverse effects observed, highlighting the need for more rigorous methodologies in future studies.
https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/passionflower – Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center provides information on passionflower's use in integrative medicine, including its potential benefits for anxiety and sleep. It also outlines safety considerations and potential interactions, particularly for cancer patients.