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Black Elderberry Fruit Extract

Also known as: Sambucus nigra, Black Elderberry, European Elderberry

Overview

Black elderberry (*Sambucus nigra*) is a plant native to Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, with its fruit being the most commonly utilized part. The fruit is rich in bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, contributing to its antioxidant and antiviral properties. Traditionally, it has been used to treat respiratory ailments, including the common cold and influenza. The extract is characterized by a high content of anthocyanins, particularly cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside, along with other phenolic compounds like chlorogenic acid, rutin, and isoquercitrin. Research on black elderberry is growing, with numerous clinical trials and meta-analyses conducted in recent years, indicating a moderate to high level of evidence quality. It is available in various forms, including capsules, syrups, and teas.

Benefits

Black elderberry supplementation has shown promise in reducing upper respiratory symptoms. A meta-analysis of RCTs indicated a substantial reduction in these symptoms, suggesting it could be an alternative for treating viral upper respiratory infections. A systematic review also suggests that elderberry may reduce the duration and severity of colds and influenza, and might be associated with a lower risk of influenza complications compared to oseltamivir. In vitro studies have demonstrated that black elderberry extract inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2, indicating potential antiviral activity against COVID-19 variants. Additionally, elderberry has been found to have anti-inflammatory effects, though further investigation is needed to fully understand its impact on cytokine production. These benefits appear to be generalizable across various populations, including adults with viral respiratory illnesses.

How it works

The antiviral activity of black elderberry is thought to be mediated through the inhibition of viral replication, particularly affecting the papain-like protease and the 3CLpro protease of SARS-CoV-2. The anti-inflammatory effects may involve modulation of cytokine production, although the exact mechanisms are not fully elucidated. The extract interacts with the immune system by potentially reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting viral replication. The phenolic compounds, especially anthocyanins and flavonoids, are believed to be the primary active components targeting viral proteases and immune response pathways.

Side effects

Black elderberry is generally considered safe for consumption, with systematic reviews and clinical trials not finding evidence that it overstimulates the immune system or increases the risk of cytokine storms. There is limited data on common side effects, but generally, black elderberry is well-tolerated. Gastrointestinal symptoms might occur but are not frequently reported. No specific uncommon or rare side effects are consistently reported in the literature. There is no significant evidence of drug interactions, but caution is advised when using it with other medications due to the lack of comprehensive interaction studies. No specific contraindications are noted, but it is recommended to consult healthcare providers before use, especially for individuals with underlying health conditions or those taking medications. Limited data is available for special populations such as pregnant women, children, and the elderly; caution and consultation with healthcare providers are recommended for these groups.

Dosage

The minimum effective dose of black elderberry is not well-defined, but studies often use doses ranging from 500 mg to 1000 mg per day of the extract. Optimal dosages typically range from 500 mg to 2000 mg per day, often divided into multiple doses. There is no established maximum safe dose, but doses up to 2000 mg per day have been used in clinical trials without significant adverse effects. It is often recommended to take the supplement at the onset of symptoms or as a preventive measure during flu season. The extract can be consumed in various forms, including capsules, syrups, and teas. Absorption may be influenced by the presence of other dietary components and the extraction method used to prepare the supplement.

FAQs

How do I choose a high-quality black elderberry supplement?

Look for products with standardized extracts and clear labeling of bioactive compounds. Ensure the product has undergone third-party testing for purity and potency.

Is black elderberry safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding?

Consult healthcare providers before use due to limited data on the safety of black elderberry during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It's best to err on the side of caution.

When is the best time to take black elderberry?

Take black elderberry at the onset of symptoms of a cold or flu, or as a preventive measure during flu season. Follow the recommended dosage on the product label.

Does black elderberry interact with medications?

Caution is advised when using black elderberry with other medications due to the lack of comprehensive interaction studies. Consultation with healthcare providers is recommended.

Is black elderberry a cure for viral infections?

Black elderberry is not a cure for viral infections but can be used as a complementary therapy to help alleviate symptoms and reduce the duration of illness.

Research Sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30670267/ – This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) found that black elderberry supplementation substantially reduces upper respiratory symptoms. The study suggests that elderberry could be a viable alternative to antibiotics for treating viral upper respiratory infections. However, the authors note the findings are limited by the small number of studies and participants included in the analysis.
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/10/11/2288 – This in vitro study demonstrated that black elderberry extract inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in different cell lines. The study highlights the potential antiviral activity of elderberry against COVID-19 variants by targeting viral proteases. However, it is important to note that in vitro results may not directly translate to clinical outcomes in humans.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33827515/ – This systematic review examined the effects of elderberry on viral respiratory illnesses. The review suggests that elderberry may reduce the duration and severity of colds and influenza, with no evidence of overstimulating the immune system. The authors used the GRADE system to evaluate the certainty of evidence, highlighting the need for further research to confirm these findings.
https://www.mdpi.com/1661-3821/3/1/7 – This review discusses the chemical and biological properties of elderberry, focusing on its anthocyanin content and potential health benefits. It highlights the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of elderberry, as well as its traditional use in treating respiratory ailments. The review emphasizes the need for further research to fully understand the mechanisms of action and clinical efficacy of elderberry.
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/final-assessment-report-sambucus-nigra-l-fructus_en.pdf – This final assessment report by the European Medicines Agency provides a comprehensive overview of the traditional use, safety, and efficacy of *Sambucus nigra* fruit. The report summarizes the available evidence on elderberry's use for the symptomatic relief of common colds and influenza. It also discusses potential risks and precautions associated with elderberry use, emphasizing the importance of consulting healthcare professionals.