Total Thiosulfinates
Also known as: Thiosulfinates, Allium thiosulfinates, garlic thiosulfinates, allicin, diallyl disulfide
Overview
Thiosulfinates are organosulfur compounds primarily found in the Allium genus, particularly in garlic (Allium sativum) and onions (Allium cepa). They are produced when the enzyme alliinase breaks down alliin, a sulfur-containing precursor. Thiosulfinates are characterized by their strong odor and flavor, and they decompose into other sulfur compounds such as diallyl sulfide and ajoene. These compounds are utilized for their potential health benefits, which include antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular effects. Research on thiosulfinates ranges from moderate to advanced, with numerous randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses indicating various biological activities and their effects on human health.
Benefits
Thiosulfinates demonstrate several evidence-based benefits. Significant reductions in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels have been observed, where garlic preparations containing thiosulfinates reduced total cholesterol by 0.19 mmol/L (7.2 mg/dL) and LDL-C by 0.44 mmol/L (17.1 mg/dL) over 4-24 weeks. Their antimicrobial properties are notable, especially against Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli, showcasing a profound antibacterial effect. Secondary benefits include anti-inflammatory properties that may improve outcomes in sepsis models by modulating interleukin levels. Individuals at elevated cardiovascular risk, particularly those with high LDL-C levels, may achieve clinical significance from thiosulfinates.
How it works
Thiosulfinates, especially allicin, function through several biological mechanisms, including the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, leading to reduced cholesterol synthesis. They also modulate inflammatory cytokines, impacting both the cardiovascular and immune systems. Their interactions with various molecular pathways contribute to decreased lipid levels and platelet aggregation, reflecting their diverse physiological roles.
Side effects
Thiosulfinates are generally considered safe when consumed in moderate amounts. Common side effects, occurring in more than 5% of users, include malodorous breath and body odor. Less common side effects (1-5%) may include flatulence, abdominal pain, and allergic reactions. Rarely (<1%), serious adverse events like bleeding and severe allergic reactions can occur. Caution is advised when used concurrently with anticoagulant medications due to potential antiplatelet effects. Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals should consult their healthcare provider before using these supplements.
Dosage
The minimum effective dose of thiosulfinates varies, with 1-2 cloves of garlic daily being effective for cardiovascular benefits. Optimal dosages for cardiovascular health are recommended between 600-1200 mg of garlic extract per day. High doses, particularly over 3 cloves of garlic daily, may heighten the risk of adverse effects. While timing is not critical, consistent daily intake is encouraged for sustained effects. Formulation can influence absorption, with lyophilized or aged garlic extracts often showing better bioavailability.
FAQs
How can I minimize side effects of thiosulfinates?
Start with a low dose and gradually increase. Using aged or lyophilized extracts may reduce side effects.
Are thiosulfinates safe for everyone?
Generally safe, but individuals with specific health conditions or those taking certain medications should consult a healthcare provider.
Can thiosulfinates be taken at any time?
Yes, but consistent daily intake is recommended for optimal benefits.
What benefits can I expect from thiosulfinate supplements?
Expect reductions in LDL-C levels and improvements in cardiovascular health over several weeks.
Do thiosulfinates only come from garlic?
No, they are also found in other Allium plants like onions, though garlic is the most researched source.
Research Sources
- https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2017-0021/html?lang=en – This study discusses the chemical properties and biological activities of thiosulfinates, emphasizing their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, but highlights the need for further research on clinical applications.
- https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/647744 – Meta-analysis of garlic preparations showing significant reductions in LDL-C levels among participants, indicating potential cardiovascular benefits associated with thiosulfinate consumption.
- https://www.researchprotocols.org/2023/1/e42193/ – Through in vivo and in vitro studies, this research outlines the antimicrobial activity of thiosulfinates, detailing their effectiveness against various bacterial strains and potential clinical applications.
- https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/11/4760 – This study evaluates the impact of thiosulfinate-enriched extracts in sepsis management, demonstrating potential improvements in clinical outcomes, although it calls for confirmation in human trials.
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/books/NBK11910/ – The source discusses the general properties of thiosulfinates, their sources, biological activities, and a need for further exploration into their therapeutic applications.
