Delta Tocopherol
Also known as: δ-Tocotrienol, Delta-T3, δ-T3, Delta-tocotrienol
Overview
Delta-tocotrienol (δ-tocotrienol) is a form of vitamin E, specifically a tocotrienol isomer. It is naturally found in plant oils like palm oil, rice bran oil, and annatto oil. As a dietary supplement, it is investigated for its potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties. δ-Tocotrienol exhibits distinct biological activities compared to other vitamin E isomers, including α-tocopherol. Research on δ-tocotrienol is ongoing, with studies focusing on its specific effects on inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, and overall health. The available evidence primarily comes from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses, but more research is needed to fully understand its effects and establish definitive recommendations. It is absorbed and distributed in the body, with peak plasma levels achieved within 2-4 hours.
Benefits
Delta-tocotrienol has shown potential in reducing C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, an inflammatory marker, although this effect was largely driven by a single study using a high dose (600 mg/day). A meta-analysis showed that when this study was excluded, the overall effect on CRP levels became non-significant. Higher doses (≥ 400 mg/day) of tocotrienols might reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, a marker of oxidative stress, suggesting potential antioxidant effects. These benefits may be more pronounced in individuals with suboptimal baseline plasma tocotrienol concentrations or those with active inflammatory diseases. Supplementation for at least six months may be necessary to observe significant reductions in CRP levels. More research is needed to confirm these findings and establish the clinical significance of these effects.
How it works
Delta-tocotrienol acts through various biological pathways, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms. It can modulate the expression of inflammatory genes and reduce oxidative stress markers. It interacts with the immune system by reducing inflammatory biomarkers and with the metabolic system by influencing antioxidant enzyme activities. While the exact molecular targets are not fully elucidated, they likely involve modulation of inflammatory cytokines and antioxidant pathways. Absorption studies show peak plasma levels achieved within 2-4 hours, with retention in tissues such as the liver. Co-administration with sesamin may enhance liver concentrations of δ-tocotrienol.
Side effects
Delta-tocotrienol is generally considered safe, but long-term high-dose supplementation data are limited. Common side effects specifically for δ-tocotrienol are not well-documented, but vitamin E supplements in general are usually well-tolerated. Potential side effects of vitamin E supplements include gastrointestinal issues and fatigue, although specific data for δ-tocotrienol are lacking. High doses of vitamin E can lead to rare side effects such as bleeding risks. It may interact with anticoagulant medications due to its antioxidant properties. Individuals with bleeding disorders or those taking anticoagulant medications should use caution. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult healthcare providers before using δ-tocotrienol supplements.
Dosage
The minimum effective dose of delta-tocotrienol is not well established, but studies suggest potential benefits at doses of 400 mg/day or higher, with optimal dosages ranging from 400 mg/day to 600 mg/day based on available studies. The maximum safe dose is not well defined, but high doses of vitamin E in general should be used with caution. No specific timing recommendations are available, but consistency in daily intake is likely beneficial. δ-Tocotrienol can be taken in various forms, but its bioavailability may be enhanced when co-administered with sesamin. Absorption can be influenced by the presence of other nutrients and the specific formulation of the supplement. No specific cofactors are required for δ-tocotrienol absorption, but a balanced diet may enhance its effects.
FAQs
What is the optimal dosage?
The optimal dosage appears to be around 400-600 mg/day, based on available research.
How long should I take it?
Benefits may be seen with at least six months of consistent supplementation.
Are there any interactions?
Potential interactions with anticoagulant medications should be considered. Consult with a healthcare provider if you are taking anticoagulants.
Is it safe for long-term use?
Generally considered safe, but long-term high-dose data are limited. Consult with a healthcare provider for personalized advice.
Is δ-tocotrienol the same as other vitamin E forms?
No, it has distinct biological activities compared to other vitamin E isomers. It should not be considered equivalent to alpha-tocopherol.
Research Sources
- https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0255205 – This systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs (n=261) found that δ-tocotrienol supplementation reduced CRP levels significantly in one study, but not in the overall meta-analysis when this study was excluded. The analysis also suggested that higher doses (≥ 400 mg/day) might reduce MDA levels, a marker of oxidative stress, although no significant effects on IL-6 and TNF-α levels were observed.
- https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/4/6/467 – This animal study examined the pharmacokinetics of δ-tocotrienol in mice. The study found that δ-tocotrienol levels peaked in plasma and liver within 2-4 hours and were retained in tissues. Co-administration with sesamin increased liver δ-tocotrienol concentrations, suggesting a potential method to enhance its bioavailability.
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1035674/full – This umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses highlights the complex relationships between vitamin E intake and various health outcomes. While not specifically focused on δ-tocotrienol, the review emphasizes the need for more targeted studies on specific isomers like δ-tocotrienol to better understand their individual effects.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocopherol – This Wikipedia article provides general information about tocopherols and tocotrienols, including their chemical structures, dietary sources, and biological activities. It serves as a background reference for understanding the broader context of vitamin E isomers and their roles in human health.
Supplements Containing Delta Tocopherol

Essential 1 Essential One Multi-Vitamin-Mineral
ProCaps Laboratories

Mixed Tocopherols Vitamin E
NOW

Nutri-E 400
Douglas Laboratories

Nutri-E 400
Douglas Laboratories

Nutri-E 400
Douglas Laboratories

Gamma E Tocopherols
NOW
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