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Tribulus Terrestris extract

Also known as: Tribulus terrestris, Puncture vine, Goat's head, Bindii, Tribulus terrestris L.

Overview

Tribulus terrestris (TT) is a traditional medicinal plant belonging to the Zygophyllaceae family, widely used as a herbal supplement. It is primarily recognized for its purported aphrodisiac, profertility, and diuretic properties. The extract is rich in various phytochemicals, including steroidal saponins (such as protodioscin), flavonoids, and alkaloids, which are believed to be responsible for its biological activities. Commonly marketed as a supplement to enhance sexual function, improve fertility parameters, and boost athletic performance, TT has been the subject of numerous studies, ranging from in vitro and animal models to human clinical trials. While some research, including systematic reviews and meta-analyses, suggests potential benefits, the overall quality of evidence varies, with many studies highlighting methodological limitations and low certainty of evidence in clinical trials. Despite its traditional use, a cautious interpretation of its efficacy is warranted due to the inconsistencies and limitations in the current scientific literature.

Benefits

Tribulus terrestris has been investigated for several potential benefits, though the strength of evidence varies: - **Sexual Function:** Systematic reviews indicate that TT supplementation may improve sexual function scores in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women after 1 to 3 months of treatment. Some evidence also suggests an increase in serum testosterone levels in premenopausal women. While statistically significant improvements have been observed, the certainty of evidence is low to moderate due to small sample sizes and methodological limitations in studies. - **Male Fertility:** Meta-analyses suggest that TT can improve various sperm parameters, including sperm count, motility, and viability, indicating potential profertility effects in men. These improvements are statistically significant, though heterogeneity among studies has been noted. - **Athletic Performance:** Some systematic reviews suggest that TT may be safe for sport performance. However, the evidence for actual performance enhancement is inconsistent, and any observed effects are generally modest. The overall conclusion is that while it might be safe, its efficacy as an ergogenic aid is not strongly supported. Benefits typically become noticeable after several weeks to a few months of consistent supplementation.

How it works

The primary mechanism of action for Tribulus terrestris is attributed to its steroidal saponins, particularly protodioscin. These compounds are thought to influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, potentially leading to increased endogenous testosterone production and modulation of androgen receptor activity. This hormonal modulation may contribute to improvements in sexual function and fertility. Additionally, other phytochemicals like flavonoids possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which could further support reproductive health and overall physiological function, contributing to improved sperm quality and sexual well-being. The bioavailability of these active compounds can vary depending on the specific extraction methods and formulation of the supplement.

Side effects

Tribulus terrestris supplementation is generally considered safe for short-term use, with clinical trials reporting no serious adverse events for durations up to 3 months. The most commonly reported side effects are rare and typically mild, primarily involving gastrointestinal discomfort. While no significant drug interactions or contraindications have been firmly established, caution is advised for individuals with hormone-sensitive conditions due to the potential for androgenic effects. Specific safety data for special populations, such as pregnant or breastfeeding women, is insufficient, and therefore, its use in these groups is not recommended. As with any supplement, individuals with pre-existing medical conditions or those taking other medications should consult a healthcare professional before initiating supplementation to avoid potential risks or interactions. Long-term safety data beyond 3 months is limited, warranting further research to fully understand its safety profile over extended periods.

Dosage

Effective doses of Tribulus terrestris in studies vary considerably, but they are often standardized to the saponin content of the extract. Common dosages range from 250 mg to 1500 mg per day of an extract containing 40-60% saponins. Many randomized controlled trials have utilized a dose of 750 mg per day for periods ranging from 1 to 3 months. The optimal dosing regimen is not yet firmly established. Tribulus terrestris is typically administered orally, often in capsule or tablet form. While no specific cofactors are required for absorption, some suggest that absorption may be enhanced when taken with food. There are no clearly defined upper limits or safety thresholds beyond the general observation that short-term use (up to 3 months) appears safe within the studied dosage ranges.

FAQs

Is TT effective for boosting testosterone?

Evidence suggests modest increases in serum testosterone in some populations, particularly premenopausal women. Effects in men are less consistent and often not clinically significant.

Is it safe for long-term use?

Safety data for Tribulus terrestris beyond 3 months of use is limited. Short-term use (up to 3 months) appears to be generally safe with minimal side effects.

When do effects appear?

Benefits from Tribulus terrestris supplementation typically begin to emerge after 4 to 12 weeks of consistent daily use.

Does it improve athletic performance?

Evidence for Tribulus terrestris improving athletic performance is inconclusive. Any observed benefits are generally modest and inconsistent across studies.

Can it be used for female sexual dysfunction?

Some evidence suggests Tribulus terrestris may improve female sexual dysfunction, but the certainty of this evidence is low, and more robust research is needed.

Research Sources

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9368143/ – This systematic review by Fernández-Lázaro et al. (2022) evaluated the effects of Tribulus terrestris on sport and exercise performance. The review concluded that while TT is generally safe, the evidence for its performance-enhancing effects is limited and inconsistent, with varying methodological quality and sample sizes across studies.
https://www.scielo.br/j/rbgo/a/j9q637hwJbhZDWPb8syg83w/ – Martimbianco et al. (2020) conducted a systematic review of 5 RCTs (n=279) on female sexual dysfunction. They found that Tribulus terrestris improved sexual function scores and testosterone levels in premenopausal women after 1-3 months, but noted that the certainty of evidence was very low due to small sample sizes and risk of bias.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2023/7118431 – This meta-analysis by Vishvkarma et al. (2023) quantitatively assessed the profertility effects of Tribulus terrestris. The study found statistically significant improvements in sperm count, motility, and viability, including multiple RCTs with adequate controls, although heterogeneity among the included studies was observed.