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Total Phytocannabinoids

Also known as: Total Phytocannabinoids, Cannabinoids from cannabis, THC, CBD, Phytocannabinoids

Overview

Total Phytocannabinoids encompass a diverse group of naturally occurring compounds found in the cannabis plant, with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) being the most well-known. These compounds interact with the body's endocannabinoid system, influencing various physiological processes such as pain perception, mood, and inflammation. They are primarily used for managing pain, nausea, spasticity, and other symptoms associated with various medical conditions. Phytocannabinoids are available in various forms, including oils, capsules, edibles, and topical creams. Research on phytocannabinoids is extensive but varies in quality, with systematic reviews and meta-analyses providing moderate to high-quality evidence for certain applications. However, more research is needed to fully understand their long-term effects and optimal dosing strategies.

Benefits

Phytocannabinoids have demonstrated efficacy in reducing chronic pain, with studies showing a weighted mean difference of -0.46 compared to placebo. They also significantly reduce nausea and vomiting, particularly in chemotherapy-induced cases, with an odds ratio of 3.82. Furthermore, phytocannabinoids can improve spasticity, especially in multiple sclerosis patients, with a standardized mean difference of -0.25. These benefits can be observed within days to weeks of use, depending on the condition and dosage. In palliative care, cannabinoids may offer benefits for symptoms like pain and nausea. However, effect sizes vary by condition and specific cannabinoid used, with pain reduction generally showing small to moderate effects.

How it works

Phytocannabinoids primarily interact with the endocannabinoid system, specifically through CB1 and CB2 receptors. These receptors are located throughout the body, including the nervous system, immune system, and gastrointestinal system. By binding to these receptors, phytocannabinoids can influence pain perception, mood, inflammation, and other physiological processes. Additionally, they may affect other receptors like TRPV1. The absorption and bioavailability of phytocannabinoids vary depending on the route of administration, with oral forms generally having lower bioavailability compared to inhalation.

Side effects

Phytocannabinoids are generally considered safe for short-term use, but long-term effects are less clear. Common side effects include dizziness, dry mouth, and cognitive impairment, affecting more than 5% of users. Uncommon side effects, occurring in 1-5% of users, include anxiety, paranoia, and increased heart rate. Rare side effects, affecting less than 1% of users, include psychotic episodes and severe cognitive disturbances. Potential drug interactions exist with sedatives, antidepressants, and antacids. Phytocannabinoids are contraindicated in pregnancy, breastfeeding, and certain psychiatric conditions. Caution is advised in children, the elderly, and those with cardiovascular conditions. It is important to start with low doses and monitor for adverse effects.

Dosage

Dosage varies by condition and specific cannabinoid. Typically, treatment starts at low doses, such as 2.5 mg of THC or CBD. Optimal dosage ranges generally fall between 5-20 mg for THC and 20-50 mg for CBD per dose. It is advised not to exceed 50 mg of THC or 100 mg of CBD per day without medical supervision. Dosing frequency depends on the condition and desired effect. Oral forms may require higher doses due to lower bioavailability. Food intake can affect absorption, especially for oral forms. There are no specifically identified required cofactors. It is crucial to consult with a healthcare professional to determine the appropriate dosage and monitor for potential side effects.

FAQs

Are phytocannabinoids safe?

Phytocannabinoids are generally safe, but long-term use and high doses can increase the risk of adverse effects. Consult a healthcare provider for personalized advice.

How should I take phytocannabinoids?

Start with low doses and adjust based on your response. Consider the route of administration, as oral forms may have lower bioavailability.

What results can I expect?

Benefits may vary widely among individuals and conditions. Monitor your symptoms and adjust dosage accordingly, under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Will phytocannabinoids make me high?

Not all phytocannabinoids produce psychoactive effects. CBD, for example, does not. THC is the primary psychoactive component of cannabis.

Research Sources

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2338251 – This systematic review and meta-analysis, including 79 trials, assessed the efficacy of cannabinoids for various medical conditions. The review found that cannabinoids were effective in reducing pain and managing nausea, but noted significant heterogeneity and risk of bias across the included studies. The authors concluded that more rigorous research is needed to confirm these findings and determine optimal dosing strategies.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2706499 – This systematic review and meta-analysis focused on the effects of cannabinoids on multiple sclerosis symptoms. The review found significant benefits for spasticity and pain with cannabinoid use, but also noted higher rates of adverse events. The authors highlighted the need for careful monitoring and individualized treatment plans when using cannabinoids for multiple sclerosis.
https://www.med.upenn.edu/cbti/assets/user-content/documents/Systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis%20of%20cannabinoids.pdf – This review examined the use of cannabinoids in palliative care, focusing on their potential benefits for managing pain and nausea. The authors highlighted that while cannabinoids may offer some relief, more rigorous studies are needed to fully understand their efficacy and safety in this population. They emphasized the importance of individualized treatment approaches and careful monitoring of side effects.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26103030/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials evaluated the efficacy of cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. The analysis indicated a statistically significant benefit of cannabis-based medicines compared to placebo for pain reduction. However, the authors noted the potential for adverse effects and the need for further research to determine long-term effectiveness and safety.