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Standardized Elderberry Extract

Also known as: Black elderberry, European elderberry, Sambucus nigra

Overview

Black elderberry (*Sambucus nigra*) is a plant native to Europe, western and central Asia, and North Africa. The supplement is derived from the dried, ripe berries of the plant and is primarily used to treat cold, flu, and other viral respiratory illnesses. Traditionally, it is also utilized for its laxative, diaphoretic, and diuretic properties. Rich in anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids, elderberry is known for its potential health benefits, particularly in boosting immune function and reducing the duration and severity of respiratory infections. The current body of research includes randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews, indicating a moderate to high level of research maturity and generally good evidence supporting its efficacy.

Benefits

Elderberry has been shown to provide several evidence-backed benefits. A meta-analysis of RCTs indicated that elderberry supplementation significantly reduces upper respiratory symptoms, suggesting its efficacy as an alternative to conventional medications for treating viral respiratory illnesses. Additionally, elderberry exhibits antiviral properties by inhibiting the replication of influenza viruses and modulating inflammatory cytokines, which is supported by systematic reviews. It is particularly beneficial for air travelers, where evidence shows a reduction in cold symptom duration and severity. Furthermore, elderberry may enhance immune response by activating the production of cytokines and provides antibacterial properties that combat both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria relevant to respiratory infections, making it versatile in its applications.

How it works

Elderberry's antiviral efficacy is primarily attributed to its ability to modulate inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IFN-γ while inhibiting the replication of influenza viruses A and B. The bioactive constituents, particularly anthocyanins and phenolic compounds, are responsible for antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. These compounds interact with multiple systems in the body, including the immune and respiratory systems, enabling a reduction in inflammatory responses and alleviating upper respiratory infection symptoms. Enhanced bioavailability of these compounds can be achieved through specific extraction methods like supercritical carbon dioxide extraction.

Side effects

Elderberry is generally considered safe when used correctly, with no common side effects reported in most clinical studies. However, rare adverse effects have been noted in hypersensitive individuals, including skin rashes and gastrointestinal discomfort. Long-term use may lead to rare incidences of conditions such as pseudomelanosis coli, albuminuria, and hematuria. Notably, unripe berries contain toxic cyanogenic glycosides and should be avoided. Those with allergies to elderberry should refrain from use, and caution is advised for pregnant or breastfeeding women due to limited safety data.

Dosage

Recommended dosages for elderberry typically range from 500 to 1000 mg per day of a standardized extract, often divided into 2-3 doses throughout the day. While specific minimum effective dosage is not clearly defined, clinical trials have effectively utilized dosages up to 1000 mg. For children, dosing should be adjusted based on age and weight, with recommendations generally being half of the adult dose. Elderberry can be taken at any time, but it is best consumed with meals to optimize absorption, especially when using extracts extracted via methods like supercritical carbon dioxide or ethanol.

FAQs

Is elderberry safe for everyone?

Elderberry is generally safe for most people when taken in appropriate amounts, but unripe berries and preparations from them should be avoided due to toxicity.

How long until I see results from elderberry?

Benefits may be noticed within a few days, particularly in reducing the duration of upper respiratory symptoms.

Can I take elderberry every day?

Yes, daily supplementation is common, but consult a healthcare provider for prolonged use or if combining with other medications.

Does elderberry stimulate the immune system?

Elderberry modulates rather than overstimulates the immune response, enhancing the body's ability to manage infections.

Research Sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30670267/ – A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found substantial evidence supporting elderberry's effectiveness in reducing upper respiratory symptoms, with a large effect size indicating its potential benefits over traditional treatments.
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/10/11/2288 – This systematic review evaluates the safety and efficacy of elderberry for viral respiratory illnesses. It confirms elderberry's effectiveness while cautioning about the need for rigorous studies to establish long-term safety.
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/herbal-report/final-assessment-report-sambucus-nigra-l-fructus_en.pdf – The European Medicines Agency discusses the profile and uses of elderberry, emphasizing its antiviral properties and safety when prepared correctly.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Elderberry-for-prevention-and-treatment-of-viral-a-Wieland-Piechotta/a168d4ee6fecde12f2ad538bc6b15f6520a3acd4 – This study outlines the benefits of elderberry in managing viral infections and solidifies its standing as a viable option for symptomatic relief from respiratory illness.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33827515/ – A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial with air travelers showed that elderberry reduced the duration and severity of cold symptoms, highlighting its targeted efficacy.