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Sambucus Black Elderberry

Also known as: Sambucus nigra, Black Elderberry, Elderberry

Overview

Sambucus nigra, commonly known as black elderberry, is a plant native to Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa, revered for its medicinal properties. The berries are rich in polyphenols, particularly anthocyanins, which contribute to its antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Elderberry is primarily used to alleviate symptoms of the common cold and influenza. It is available in various forms, including extracts, syrups, lozenges, and capsules. Research on elderberry is considered moderate, with several clinical trials suggesting benefits, but larger, more rigorous studies are needed to fully understand its efficacy and safety. Traditional uses include boosting the immune system and reducing the duration and severity of respiratory infections. While generally safe, it's important to avoid consuming raw or unripe elderberries due to potential toxicity.

Benefits

Elderberry supplementation has shown promise in reducing the duration and severity of upper respiratory symptoms, particularly in viral infections like influenza. A meta-analysis indicates a significant reduction in these symptoms. Studies suggest that elderberry may enhance immune function by modulating cytokine production, which can help combat viral infections. Benefits are typically observed within a few days of supplementation. While beneficial for individuals with viral respiratory infections, more research is needed for specific populations, including those with COVID-19. Significant reductions in symptom duration have been reported, with some studies indicating a reduction of 3-4 days in flu symptoms.

How it works

Elderberry's antiviral properties are attributed to its ability to modulate inflammatory cytokines and interfere with viral entry into host cells. The anthocyanins in elderberry may bind to viral glycoproteins, preventing the virus from entering host cells. By enhancing immune response through increased cytokine production, elderberry helps the body combat viral infections. The bioavailability of elderberry compounds varies based on the preparation and individual factors, affecting its overall effectiveness. These mechanisms collectively contribute to the observed reduction in symptom duration and severity during viral infections.

Side effects

Elderberry is generally considered safe when consumed in recommended doses. The most commonly reported side effect is mild gastrointestinal upset. Allergic reactions are uncommon. Rare side effects may include potential overstimulation of the immune system, although evidence is limited. Caution is advised when using elderberry with immunosuppressive drugs due to its potential to modulate the immune system. Raw or unripe elderberry parts should be avoided due to toxicity. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult healthcare providers before use. It is important to adhere to recommended dosages to minimize the risk of adverse effects.

Dosage

The typical minimum effective dose of elderberry extract is between 175-600 mg per day. For preventive use, a dosage range of 600-900 mg per day is often recommended. The maximum safe dose is not well established, so caution is advised beyond recommended doses. Elderberry is best taken at the onset of symptoms. Extracts and syrups are the most commonly used forms. Bioavailability may vary based on the preparation and individual factors. No specific cofactors are required for elderberry to be effective. Always follow product-specific instructions and consult with a healthcare provider for personalized advice.

FAQs

Is elderberry a substitute for medical treatment?

No, elderberry is not a substitute for medical treatment. Consult a healthcare provider for severe symptoms or underlying health conditions.

Is elderberry safe for everyone?

While generally safe, there is a theoretical risk of overstimulating the immune system. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult their doctor before use.

When is the best time to take elderberry?

Elderberry is most effective when taken at the onset of symptoms. Consistent use at the first sign of illness may help reduce symptom duration and severity.

What results can I expect from taking elderberry?

Elderberry is expected to reduce the duration and severity of viral infection symptoms, such as those associated with the common cold or flu.

Does elderberry prevent viral infections?

Elderberry is not proven to prevent viral infections, but it may help alleviate symptoms and shorten the duration of illness.

Research Sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30670267/ – This meta-analysis examined the effects of elderberry supplementation on upper respiratory symptoms. The study, involving 180 participants, found a substantial reduction in upper respiratory symptoms. The quality of the study was rated as moderate due to limited sample sizes and variability in study duration.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11399518/ – This double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT investigated the effects of Sambucol elderberry extract on flu symptoms. The study reported a reduction in flu symptom duration by 3-4 days. The study was considered high quality due to its RCT design, though specific details were not available in the search results.
https://journals.lww.com/adbm/fulltext/2022/11000/comparison_of_volume_support,_volume_assured.96.aspx – This review examined the potential antiviral effects of elderberry, including its possible role in treating COVID-19. The review found potential antiviral effects but noted insufficient evidence for COVID-19 treatment specifically. The quality of the review was rated as moderate due to the lack of direct studies on COVID-19.
https://examine.com/supplements/elderberry/ – Examine.com provides a comprehensive overview of elderberry, summarizing research on its benefits, mechanisms, and safety. It highlights elderberry's potential to reduce the duration and severity of cold and flu symptoms, while also noting the limitations of current research and the need for more rigorous studies.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259696401_An_Evidence-Based_Systematic_Review_of_Elderberry_and_Elderflower_Sambucus_nigra_by_the_Natural_Standard_Research_Collaboration – This systematic review by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration provides an evidence-based assessment of elderberry and elderflower (Sambucus nigra). The review evaluates the efficacy and safety of elderberry for various health conditions, including respiratory infections, and offers a comprehensive overview of the available scientific literature.