Rhizopus nigricans 12X
Also known as: Rhizopus nigricans, Rhizopus stolonifer, Black bread mold, Common bread mold, EPS1-1 (extracellular polysaccharide)
Overview
Rhizopus nigricans, also known as black bread mold, is a filamentous fungus commonly found on decaying organic matter. It is being researched for its potential antitumor, immune-enhancing, and anti-metastatic effects, primarily due to its bioactive polysaccharides (EPS1-1). Preclinical studies, mainly using cell cultures and animal models, suggest that EPS1-1 can inhibit cancer cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis, particularly in colorectal cancer. However, it's important to note that research is in its early stages, with no human clinical trials conducted to date. Therefore, the evidence is promising but not yet sufficient to support clinical recommendations for human use. Further research is needed to determine its safety and efficacy in humans.
Benefits
Preclinical studies suggest that EPS1-1 from Rhizopus nigricans may have antitumor and anti-metastatic properties. In animal models, EPS1-1 dose-dependently suppressed the migration, invasion, and adhesion of CT26 colorectal cancer cells. It also inhibited lung metastasis in mice, with significant reductions in microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Additionally, EPS1-1 has demonstrated immune-modulating effects in preclinical settings. However, all these benefits are based on preclinical data, and no human studies have confirmed these effects. Therefore, the potential benefits in humans remain speculative.
How it works
The proposed mechanism of action for Rhizopus nigricans' anti-cancer effects involves several biological pathways. Primarily, it appears to inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are enzymes involved in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Additionally, it reduces VEGF expression, a key factor in angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels that feed tumors). EPS1-1 also seems to suppress epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by downregulating vimentin, a protein associated with cancer cell migration. These actions collectively target the tumor microenvironment, modulate the immune system, and inhibit angiogenesis, potentially hindering cancer progression.
Side effects
Due to the absence of human clinical trials, the safety profile of Rhizopus nigricans is not well-established. Preclinical studies in animals have not reported significant toxicity at the tested doses, but this does not guarantee safety in humans. Common, uncommon, and rare side effects are currently unknown. Similarly, potential drug interactions and contraindications have not been identified. Special caution is advised for pregnant, lactating, and pediatric populations, as the effects of Rhizopus nigricans have not been studied in these groups. Therefore, until further research is conducted, the use of Rhizopus nigricans should be approached with caution.
Dosage
Currently, there are no established dosage guidelines for Rhizopus nigricans in humans due to the lack of human clinical trials. The minimum effective dose, optimal dosage ranges, and maximum safe dose are all unknown. Animal studies have used specific doses, but these are not directly translatable to humans. Timing considerations, form-specific recommendations, absorption factors, and required cofactors have not been studied. Therefore, it is not possible to provide any evidence-based dosage recommendations for Rhizopus nigricans at this time.
FAQs
Is Rhizopus nigricans safe to use?
The safety of Rhizopus nigricans in humans is not established due to the lack of human clinical trials. Preclinical studies have not reported significant toxicity, but caution is advised until further research is available.
What are the potential benefits of Rhizopus nigricans?
Preclinical studies suggest potential antitumor, anti-metastatic, and immune-enhancing effects, particularly in colorectal cancer models. However, these benefits have not been confirmed in human studies.
How should Rhizopus nigricans be dosed?
There are no established dosage guidelines for Rhizopus nigricans in humans due to the lack of human clinical trials. Dosing recommendations cannot be provided at this time.
Are there any known side effects?
Due to the absence of human clinical trials, the side effects of Rhizopus nigricans are currently unknown. Caution is advised, especially for pregnant, lactating, and pediatric populations.
Can Rhizopus nigricans cure cancer?
No, there is no evidence that Rhizopus nigricans can cure cancer. Preclinical studies show promising anti-cancer effects, but these have not been confirmed in human trials.
Research Sources
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29684852/ – This preclinical study investigated the effects of EPS1-1, a polysaccharide from Rhizopus nigricans, on colorectal cancer cells. The study found that EPS1-1 suppressed migration, invasion, and adhesion of cancer cells in vitro and inhibited angiogenesis and metastasis in a mouse model. These findings suggest potential anti-cancer properties, but further research is needed to confirm these effects in humans.
- https://air.unimi.it/bitstream/2434/548112/2/efs3070828.pdf – This research explores the enzymatic activities of Rhizopus strains, including Rhizopus nigricans, with a focus on their biotechnological applications. It details the production and characterization of various enzymes, highlighting the potential for industrial use. While not directly related to human health or supplementation, it provides insights into the metabolic capabilities of this fungus.
- https://www.thermofisher.com/phadia/us/en/resources/allergen-encyclopedia/m11.html – This resource from Thermo Fisher Scientific describes Rhizopus species as a source of allergens. It provides information on the allergenic components of Rhizopus and their potential to cause allergic reactions. This information is important for understanding potential adverse effects related to exposure to Rhizopus, particularly in susceptible individuals.
- https://beeuntoothers.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/GilliamPart9.pdf – This document discusses the role of fungi, including Rhizopus, in indoor environments and their potential impact on human health. It highlights the importance of identifying and managing fungal growth to prevent allergic reactions and other health issues. While not specific to Rhizopus nigricans as a supplement, it provides context on the potential risks associated with fungal exposure.
- https://sma.org/abstracts/sensitization-to-rhizopus-stolonifer-and-the-development-of-allergic-conditions/ – This abstract examines the sensitization to Rhizopus stolonifer and its association with the development of allergic conditions. It suggests that exposure to Rhizopus can lead to allergic sensitization, potentially contributing to respiratory and skin-related allergic symptoms. This information underscores the importance of considering potential allergic reactions when evaluating the safety of Rhizopus-derived products.
