Pureqq Pyrroloquinoline Quinone
Also known as: PQQ, Pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt, BioPQQ, Pyrroloquinoline Quinone
Overview
Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (PQQ) is a water-soluble orthoquinone that acts as a potent antioxidant and exhibits qualities akin to vitamins. First isolated from methylotropic bacteria, it is also present in various foods, notably human breast milk. PQQ serves as a cofactor for numerous bacterial dehydrogenases and is recognized for its significantly stronger antioxidant capabilities compared to vitamin C. Current research highlights its potential in promoting anti-inflammatory properties, neuroprotection, and metabolic enhancement, attracting attention for various therapeutic applications. While several animal studies and a few clinical trials have been conducted, PQQ has yet to be classified as an essential vitamin.
Benefits
PQQ provides several evidence-based benefits including enhanced mitochondrial health, reduced inflammation, and neuroprotective effects. Studies show it improves mitochondrial function and lowers oxidative stress, which supports better metabolic flexibility and muscle performance. Particularly beneficial for older adults, research has indicated enhancements in cognitive functions such as selective attention and visual-spatial skills. A notable randomized controlled trial revealed cognitive improvements after 12 weeks of PQQ supplementation at a dose of 20 mg per day. Although these findings are promising, further extensive research is required to validate the results.
How it works
PQQ's enhancement of mitochondrial function is primarily due to its role as a cofactor in crucial biological processes. It activates the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway that encourages mitochondrial biogenesis while reducing oxidative stress. By stimulating transcription factors like PGC-1α, NRF-1, and NRF-2, PQQ facilitates energy metabolism and supports mitochondrial health. Additionally, it influences sirtuin activity and the NLRP3 pathway, essential for maintaining cellular balance and regulating inflammation.
Side effects
PQQ is generally regarded as safe, with no common side effects reported at typical dosages. Although animal studies at high doses suggest potential reversible increases in kidney weights, such effects were absent at lower dosages. Rare side effects have not been documented, and there is minimal evidence of drug interactions, indicating PQQ does not significantly affect common medications. However, caution is recommended for individuals with pre-existing health conditions or those taking multiple medications. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult a healthcare professional before using PQQ due to limited data concerning its effects in these demographics.
Dosage
The recommended dosage range for PQQ is typically between 10 to 20 mg per day, with 20 mg commonly used in clinical studies to achieve meaningful outcomes. While the minimum effective dose is not firmly established, most evidence points to significant benefits within this range. PQQ is generally available in the form of its disodium salt, known as BioPQQ. Although there are no strict guidelines on timing, it is advisable to take PQQ with meals to enhance absorption. Animal studies indicate a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 100-400 mg/kg, but human applications should remain conservatively at lower dosages.
FAQs
Is PQQ safe to take?
Yes, PQQ is generally regarded as safe. High doses in animal studies have shown reversible side effects, but human studies at lower doses have not reported significant adverse effects.
When is the best time to take PQQ?
It's advisable to take PQQ with meals to enhance absorption, but there is no strict timing requirement for supplementation.
What benefits can I expect from PQQ?
Users may notice improvements in mitochondrial function, reduced oxidative stress, and potential cognitive enhancements after several weeks of supplementation.
Is PQQ a vitamin?
PQQ exhibits vitamin-like properties and plays essential roles in cellular functions, but it is not yet classified as an essential vitamin.
Research Sources
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2620924/ – This systematic review discusses various biological activities of PQQ, focusing on its antioxidant properties and potential health benefits, including mitochondrial function and cognitive enhancement. Methodologically sound studies are analyzed, indicating PQQ's role in promoting health through mitochondrial biogenesis.
- https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.691524/full – This article evaluates the metabolic and neuroprotective effects of PQQ supplementation, citing clinical trials that demonstrate benefits in cognitive performance and metabolic health among elderly participants. The study emphasizes the need for further research to establish comprehensive guidelines and expectations for PQQ supplementation.
