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parthenolide

Also known as: Parthenolide, Feverfew extract

Overview

Parthenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone derived from the plant *Tanacetum parthenium*, commonly known as feverfew. It is primarily recognized for its anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, making it a subject of interest in cancer research and the management of inflammatory conditions. Parthenolide has been studied for its potential therapeutic effects, particularly in lymphoid neoplasms, where it has demonstrated the ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. While research is ongoing, the current evidence base is primarily composed of in vitro and animal studies, with limited high-quality clinical trials in humans. Parthenolide's mechanism of action involves increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing glutathione levels, contributing to its cytotoxic effects on cancer cells. It is available in various forms, often as an extract from feverfew, and is being explored for its potential role in addressing conditions like diabetic nephropathy.

Benefits

Parthenolide has demonstrated potential benefits, primarily in the realm of cancer research. In vitro studies suggest it can induce apoptosis in lymphoid neoplastic cell lines by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing glutathione levels. This effect is significant in the context of lymphoid malignancies. Additionally, there is emerging evidence indicating that parthenolide may alleviate diabetic nephropathy by regulating VDR expression and reducing oxidative stress, although this is based on in vitro findings. While these findings are promising, it's important to note that the majority of evidence is derived from in vitro and animal studies, and more human clinical trials are needed to confirm these benefits and determine the optimal conditions for their application.

How it works

Parthenolide primarily functions by inducing apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in cancer cells. This process is mediated through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential. Parthenolide also targets cancer stem cells by affecting specific signaling pathways. At the molecular level, it activates caspase-3, promotes FAS-ligand expression, and inhibits NF-κB, a key regulator of inflammation and cell survival. These interactions disrupt cellular pathways involved in apoptosis, inflammation, and potentially epigenetic regulation, contributing to its anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects.

Side effects

Parthenolide is generally considered safe in low to moderate doses, but it can cause side effects, particularly gastrointestinal disturbances. Common side effects include stomach upset, heartburn, and nausea. Allergic reactions, though uncommon, have also been reported. Due to limited data, rare side effects are not well-documented. Parthenolide may interact with blood thinners and other medications metabolized by the liver, potentially altering their effects. It is contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding due to a lack of safety data. Caution is advised for individuals with pre-existing liver or kidney issues. High doses or prolonged use may increase the risk of adverse effects, and it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using parthenolide-containing supplements.

Dosage

Due to limited human studies, a minimum effective dose for parthenolide is not well-established. In vitro studies often use concentrations of 1-50 μM. A maximum safe dose for long-term use is also not clearly defined. Parthenolide is often consumed as an extract from feverfew, but specific dosage recommendations vary. Bioavailability may be affected by the formulation and delivery method. There are no specific timing recommendations or required cofactors identified. It is crucial to adhere to product-specific guidelines and consult with a healthcare provider to determine an appropriate and safe dosage, especially for individuals with underlying health conditions or those taking other medications.

FAQs

What is parthenolide used for?

Parthenolide is primarily studied for its potential anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects, particularly in lymphoid neoplasms. However, human data is limited, and it is not a proven treatment for any condition.

Is parthenolide safe?

Parthenolide is generally considered safe in low to moderate doses, but high doses or prolonged use may pose risks, including gastrointestinal disturbances and potential drug interactions. Consult a healthcare professional before use.

How should I take parthenolide?

There are no specific guidelines for timing or administration. It is often consumed as an extract from feverfew. Follow product-specific guidelines and consult with a healthcare provider for personalized recommendations.

What results can I expect from taking parthenolide?

Parthenolide has shown potential anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects in vitro, but human data is limited. It is not a proven treatment for any condition in humans, and results may vary.

Research Sources

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/24/11/9167 – This in vitro study investigates the effects of parthenolide on lymphoid neoplastic cell lines. The key finding is that parthenolide promotes apoptosis in these cells by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing glutathione levels, suggesting a potential mechanism for its anticancer activity. However, the study is limited by its in vitro nature and the lack of human clinical data.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23688583/ – This review article discusses parthenolide's potential as an anticancer agent, focusing on its ability to target cancer stem cells. The review highlights the various mechanisms by which parthenolide exerts its effects, suggesting its potential in cancer therapy. However, it is important to note that this is a review of existing literature and not a primary research study.
https://www.scielo.br/j/cta/a/ZghG3KNS7BwLwY4Q58RT4LM/ – This study investigates the potential of parthenolide to alleviate diabetic nephropathy by regulating VDR expression. The key finding is that parthenolide may modulate DNMT1-mediated methylation of the VDR promoter, suggesting a possible mechanism for its protective effects. However, the study is limited by its in vitro nature and the lack of human clinical data.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31078744/ – This study investigates the effects of parthenolide on inflammatory responses. The key finding is that parthenolide exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting a potential mechanism for its therapeutic effects. However, the study is limited by its in vitro nature and the lack of human clinical data.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2023.1111218/full – This study investigates the effects of parthenolide on cancer cells. The key finding is that parthenolide promotes apoptosis in these cells, suggesting a potential mechanism for its anticancer activity. However, the study is limited by its in vitro nature and the lack of human clinical data.