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Mushroom Extract

Also known as: Mushroom extract, Medicinal mushroom extract, Fungal polysaccharide extract, Ganoderma extract, Reishi extract, Shiitake extract, Maitake extract, Cordyceps extract, Lion’s Mane extract, Hericium extract, Mushroom Extract

Overview

Mushroom extracts are concentrated preparations derived from various edible or medicinal mushrooms, including species from the *Ganoderma*, *Lentinula*, *Grifola*, *Cordyceps*, and *Hericium* genera. These extracts contain bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides (notably beta-glucans), terpenoids, and phenolic compounds, sourced from the fruiting bodies or mycelium of the mushrooms. Primarily used as dietary supplements, mushroom extracts are investigated for their potential to support immune function, serve as adjunctive cancer therapy, reduce inflammation, and improve cardiometabolic health. Some extracts are also explored for cognitive benefits and as a source of vitamin D, particularly when UV-exposed. They are generally considered safe with low toxicity. Research maturity is moderate to advanced, with numerous clinical trials and systematic reviews, especially in cancer adjunct therapy and immune modulation. However, heterogeneity in mushroom species, extract preparation, and study design complicates definitive conclusions.

Benefits

Mushroom extracts offer several evidence-based benefits. As an adjunct to cancer therapy, certain extracts, like Huaier granules, have demonstrated improved overall survival rates in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Polysaccharide-K (PSK) has shown benefits as an adjuvant post-cancer surgery, improving survival rates. Limited experimental data suggest that mushroom consumption may reduce blood triglycerides and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), markers of inflammation and cardiovascular risk. UV-exposed mushrooms can enhance vitamin D intake, particularly beneficial for vegetarian/vegan populations. These benefits are most pronounced in cancer patients receiving adjunct therapy, individuals with cardiometabolic risk factors, and those at risk of vitamin D deficiency. Survival improvements in cancer adjunct therapy are statistically significant, while cardiometabolic benefits require further large-scale trials.

How it works

Mushroom extracts exert their effects through several biological pathways. They modulate the immune system by activating innate and adaptive immune cells, such as macrophages, NK cells, and T cells. Their antioxidant activity helps reduce oxidative stress, while their anti-inflammatory properties contribute to overall health. UV exposure of mushrooms enhances vitamin D synthesis through ergosterol conversion. The bioactive compounds, particularly beta-glucans, interact with receptors like Dectin-1 and toll-like receptors, influencing cytokine production. Polysaccharides are partially absorbed or act via gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Bioavailability varies depending on the extract type and preparation method.

Side effects

Mushroom extracts are generally considered safe, with a low incidence of adverse effects in clinical studies. Common side effects, occurring in more than 5% of individuals, include mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Uncommon side effects, affecting 1-5% of users, may include allergic reactions and skin rashes. Rare side effects, seen in less than 1% of cases, could involve hepatotoxicity or interactions in sensitive individuals. Caution is advised due to potential interactions with immunosuppressants or anticoagulants. Mushroom extracts are contraindicated for immunocompromised patients or those on immunosuppressive therapy, who should consult healthcare providers before use. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should avoid mushroom extracts unless advised by a physician. While rare, it's important to be aware of potential liver-related issues or interactions, especially in sensitive individuals.

Dosage

Dosage recommendations vary depending on the specific extract and its intended use. For example, Huaier granules have been used at 20 g three times daily in hepatocellular carcinoma studies. Typically, standardized extracts providing 1-3 g/day of polysaccharides or beta-glucans are recommended. The maximum safe dose is not well established, but doses used in clinical trials are generally well-tolerated. Consistent daily intake is recommended for sustained effects. Extracts are available in powders, capsules, or granules, often standardized for beta-glucan content. Co-administration with food may enhance absorption. For vitamin D synthesis, UV-exposed mushrooms require adequate UV treatment. There are no specifically required cofactors, but vitamin D synthesis benefits from adequate UV exposure.

FAQs

Are mushroom extracts safe for cancer patients?

Yes, when used as adjuncts under medical supervision, they have shown survival benefits with good safety profiles. However, they should not replace conventional treatments.

Can mushroom extracts replace conventional cancer treatments?

No, mushroom extracts are adjuncts to conventional cancer treatments, not replacements. They should be used in conjunction with standard medical care.

How long before benefits appear?

Cancer-related benefits have been observed within 6-12 months. Metabolic and vitamin D benefits may require ongoing consumption to be noticeable.

Do all mushroom extracts have the same effects?

No, the effects vary by species, extraction method, and bioactive compound content. Different mushrooms offer different benefits.

Are mushroom extracts effective for vitamin D deficiency?

UV-exposed mushrooms can contribute to vitamin D intake but may not fully replace supplements, especially in cases of severe deficiency.

Research Sources

https://www.tcm.ac/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/001-SYM2-Medicinal-Mushroom-Supplements-in-Cancer_-A-Systematic-Review-of-Clinical-Studies.pdf – This systematic review included multiple RCTs with hepatocellular carcinoma patients using Huaier granules combined with TACE. It found a significant improvement in 12-month overall survival (93.5% vs. 80.6%, p < 0.05) and reduced TACE procedures. The review's quality was high, employing rigorous systematic review methodology and a meta-analytic approach.
https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/cam/hp/mushrooms-pdq – This resource summarizes the current state of research on medicinal mushrooms and their use in cancer treatment. It highlights that certain mushroom extracts, such as PSK, have demonstrated improved survival post-curative resection in cancer patients. The information is based on a meta-analysis including 8,009 patients from eight RCTs, indicating a moderate to high level of evidence.
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/5/1079 – This study presents experimental evidence suggesting that mushroom consumption may lead to reductions in blood triglycerides and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). While the sample sizes and duration varied, the findings are promising and warrant further investigation through larger RCTs to confirm these cardiometabolic benefits. The study's quality is moderate, emphasizing the need for more extensive research.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1384273/full – This systematic review and meta-analysis found that UV-exposed mushrooms can meaningfully contribute to vitamin D intake, particularly in vegetarian/vegan populations. The analysis focused on dietary modeling rather than direct clinical outcomes, but the quality is high due to its comprehensive dietary intake analysis. The study suggests that UV-exposed mushrooms can be a valuable source of vitamin D for specific populations.