ISOPROPYL MYRISTATE
Also known as: Isopropyl myristate, IPM, Isopropyl tetradecanoate, Myristic acid isopropyl ester
Overview
Isopropyl myristate (IPM) is a synthetic ester derived from isopropanol and myristic acid, a saturated fatty acid. It is primarily used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as an emollient and penetration enhancer. IPM is not naturally occurring and is synthesized for industrial applications. Its key characteristics include excellent skin penetration and emollient properties, making it valuable for topical formulations. Research on IPM has focused on its ability to enhance the skin penetration of active ingredients, improving drug delivery. While generally considered safe, it's essential to consider individual skin sensitivity. IPM is typically used in concentrations up to a few percent in various formulations like gels and creams to facilitate the absorption of other compounds.
Benefits
The primary benefit of isopropyl myristate is its ability to enhance the skin penetration of active ingredients, thereby improving drug delivery in topical formulations. Studies have demonstrated significant increases in drug flux through the skin when IPM is included in the formulation. For instance, research has shown that IPM can significantly increase testosterone flux through human cadaver skin. Additionally, IPM acts as an emollient, improving skin texture and hydration. These benefits are particularly useful for individuals with skin conditions that require enhanced drug delivery. Concentrations around 2% have shown efficacy in promoting skin penetration.
How it works
Isopropyl myristate enhances drug permeation by altering the skin's barrier function. It primarily interacts with the skin, facilitating the absorption of topical drugs. While the specific molecular targets are not well-defined, IPM is believed to interact physically with skin lipids, disrupting the skin's barrier and allowing for increased penetration of other compounds. IPM itself is not absorbed systemically in significant amounts; rather, it enhances the absorption of other compounds, making it a valuable excipient in topical formulations.
Side effects
Isopropyl myristate is generally considered safe for use in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, with a low incidence of reported side effects. The most commonly reported side effect is skin irritation, which is rare and typically occurs only in individuals with sensitive skin. Uncommon and rare side effects are not well-documented. There are no significant drug interactions reported, and contraindications are not documented. However, caution is advised for individuals with sensitive skin types. Overall, IPM has a favorable safety profile when used in appropriate concentrations.
Dosage
The minimum effective dose of isopropyl myristate varies depending on the specific application, but it is typically used in concentrations up to a few percent. For skin penetration enhancement, concentrations around 2% have shown efficacy. There is no established maximum safe dose, but it is generally used in small amounts. IPM is used as needed for topical applications and is typically formulated in gels or creams. It enhances the absorption of other compounds, and no specific cofactors are required. Due to its function as a penetration enhancer, it is important to adhere to established safe levels of the active ingredients it helps deliver.
FAQs
Is isopropyl myristate safe for all skin types?
Isopropyl myristate is generally safe, but individuals with sensitive skin may experience irritation. It is advisable to perform a patch test before widespread use.
How does isopropyl myristate enhance drug delivery?
It enhances drug delivery by altering the skin's barrier function, facilitating the absorption of topical drugs. It interacts with skin lipids, disrupting the skin's barrier.
What is the typical concentration of isopropyl myristate in topical formulations?
Isopropyl myristate is typically used in concentrations up to a few percent. For skin penetration enhancement, concentrations around 2% have shown efficacy.
Is isopropyl myristate a drug?
No, isopropyl myristate is not a drug itself but a penetration enhancer. It is used to improve the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
Research Sources
- https://www.alfa-chemistry.com/resources/comprehensive-analysis-of-isopropyl-myristate-in-pharmaceutical-and-cosmetic-applications.html – This resource provides a comprehensive analysis of isopropyl myristate in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. It covers its uses, benefits, and safety considerations, highlighting its role as an emollient and penetration enhancer.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38114839/ – This study investigates the impact of formulation excipients on the in vitro permeation of drugs through the skin. It provides insights into how excipients like isopropyl myristate can influence drug delivery, contributing to the optimization of topical formulations.
- https://alternatives.chemforward.org/preview/a6nbmi363e6a/portfolios/17/profiles/127 – This resource offers a profile of isopropyl myristate, focusing on its chemical properties and safety aspects. It provides an overview of its uses and potential alternatives, aiding in the selection of appropriate ingredients for various applications.
- https://ejchem.journals.ekb.eg/article_292483_2ebce8d9a0a4d9fdce2444f3fd1a3783.pdf – This article discusses the formulation and evaluation of topical preparations containing certain active ingredients. It examines the role of excipients like isopropyl myristate in enhancing the efficacy and stability of these preparations, providing valuable insights into their formulation.
- https://www.science.gov/topicpages/i/isopropyl+myristate+ipm.html – This page provides access to research and information related to isopropyl myristate (IPM). It includes studies and reports that cover its properties, uses, and potential environmental impacts, offering a broad overview of IPM-related research.
- – The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel assessed IPM and determined it to be safe for use in cosmetics. This assessment provides a safety evaluation of IPM, supporting its use in cosmetic formulations.
- – A study examined the effect of IPM on testosterone permeation through human cadaver skin. It found that IPM significantly increased testosterone flux, with a formulation containing 2% IPM showing an 11-fold increase compared to formulations without IPM.
