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Indian Kino Tree Extract

Also known as: Indian Kino Tree, Malabar Kino, Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb., Pterocarpus marsupium

Overview

Pterocarpus marsupium, commonly known as the Indian Kino Tree or Malabar Kino, is a deciduous tree native to India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. Extracts, particularly from its heartwood, have been traditionally utilized in Ayurvedic medicine for a range of conditions, including diabetes, leprosy, asthma, bronchitis, and gastrointestinal disorders. The extract is rich in various bioactive phytochemicals, such as flavonoids (e.g., quercetin, epicatechin), tannins, and stilbenes (e.g., pterostilbene). Modern scientific research has focused on its potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and cardioprotective properties. While promising results have been observed in in vitro studies and animal models, and some human trials exist, there is a recognized need for more rigorous, high-quality clinical trials to fully substantiate its efficacy and safety in humans. Systematic reviews consistently highlight its potential but emphasize the necessity for more robust randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Benefits

The primary evidence-based benefits of Pterocarpus marsupium extract are its antidiabetic and antioxidant effects. It has been shown to improve glucose uptake in liver cells (HepG2), reduce oxidative stress, and protect pancreatic β-cells, thereby promoting insulin secretion and regeneration. In vitro studies, such as one by Dar et al. (2022), demonstrated that a methanolic extract at 93.75 µg/mL significantly improved glucose uptake in HepG2 cells. Animal studies, particularly in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, have consistently shown normalization of blood glucose, HbA1c, and improved lipid profiles, along with enhanced β-cell function. These effects are attributed to its rich content of flavonoids and tannins. Secondary benefits include anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which may contribute to tissue protection and potential cardiovascular health. While preclinical evidence is strong, human data with quantified effect sizes are currently limited, and more robust clinical trials are needed to confirm these benefits in human populations. Animal studies suggest effects can be observed within 7-14 days of supplementation.

How it works

Pterocarpus marsupium exerts its effects primarily through its antioxidant activity, which helps reduce oxidative stress-induced cellular damage. Its antidiabetic mechanisms involve enhancing insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells and promoting β-cell regeneration. The extract also appears to improve insulin signaling, potentially through the activation of AKT and AMPK pathways in liver cells. Key molecular targets include flavonoids like epicatechin, which are believed to enhance insulin release and mimic insulin activity, and tannins, which contribute to its antihyperglycemic effects. While the phytochemicals such as pterostilbene and various flavonoids are known to have moderate bioavailability, specific pharmacokinetic data for the whole extract are limited.

Side effects

Pterocarpus marsupium extracts are generally considered safe at the doses studied in animal and in vitro models, with no significant adverse effects widely reported in the reviewed literature. However, due to its potential antidiabetic effects, individuals taking conventional antidiabetic medications should exercise caution and monitor their blood glucose levels closely, as there is a possibility of additive effects or interactions. Overuse of the extract may lead to mild gastrointestinal discomfort, primarily due to its tannin content. There are no well-documented contraindications or severe side effects in humans based on the currently available data. As with any supplement, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional before use, especially for individuals with pre-existing medical conditions or those on other medications.

Dosage

The optimal human dosage for Pterocarpus marsupium extract is not yet well standardized due to a lack of extensive human clinical trials. Animal studies have utilized aqueous or methanolic extracts at doses equivalent to several hundred milligrams per kilogram of body weight. Traditional Ayurvedic use suggests adherence to recommended dosages to avoid potential side effects, particularly gastrointestinal discomfort from tannins. However, specific guidelines for human dosing, including optimal ranges, timing considerations, and different dosages for various purposes, are still under investigation. Further clinical validation is required to establish safe and effective human doses and formulations. There are no clearly defined upper limits or safety thresholds established for human consumption at this time.

FAQs

Is Indian Kino Tree extract effective for diabetes?

Preclinical evidence strongly supports its antidiabetic effects by protecting pancreatic β-cells and improving glucose metabolism. However, robust human randomized controlled trials are still needed to confirm these effects in people.

Is it safe to use?

Generally, it is considered safe at studied doses in animal models. However, caution is advised if you are also taking conventional antidiabetic medications, as it may have additive effects.

How soon can I expect to see effects?

Animal studies suggest that beneficial effects, such as blood glucose normalization, can begin to appear within 1 to 2 weeks of consistent supplementation.

Can it replace conventional diabetes treatment?

No, Indian Kino Tree extract should not replace prescribed diabetes medications. It may serve as a complementary or adjunct therapy, but always consult your doctor before making any changes to your treatment plan.

Research Sources

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9607431/ – This in vitro study investigated the methanolic heartwood extract of Pterocarpus marsupium on HepG2 cells. It found that the extract significantly reduced oxidative stress and improved glucose uptake at a concentration of 93.75 µg/mL, providing mechanistic insight into its antidiabetic potential, though clinical translation is limited by the cell model.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3687502/ – This review, incorporating animal studies, demonstrated that Pterocarpus marsupium extract normalized blood glucose and HbA1c levels and improved β-cell function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The findings attributed these effects to the presence of flavonoids and tannins, highlighting strong preclinical evidence but emphasizing the need for human RCTs.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1934578X251323393 – This systematic review confirmed the β-cell protective and regenerative effects of Pterocarpus marsupium, noting its potential to enhance insulin secretion and signaling. While it highlighted promising results, the review also pointed out the scarcity of high-quality human trials and called for more rigorous randomized controlled trials to validate its clinical efficacy.
https://jptcp.com/index.php/jptcp/article/download/8018/7578/17426 – This source discusses the traditional uses and pharmacological properties of Pterocarpus marsupium, including its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. It provides a general overview of the plant's medicinal potential, supporting its traditional applications and contributing to the understanding of its broader health benefits.
https://phcogrev.com/sites/default/files/PhcogRev-3-6-359.pdf – This review provides a comprehensive overview of the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Pterocarpus marsupium. It details the various bioactive compounds present and their roles in the observed antidiabetic, antioxidant, and cardioprotective effects, reinforcing the scientific basis for its traditional uses.