Hoki Oil
Also known as: Hoki oil, Blue Grenadier oil, Macruronus novaezelandiae oil
Overview
Hoki oil is a marine-derived fish oil extracted from the liver or flesh of the Hoki fish (Macruronus novaezelandiae), a species native to New Zealand waters. It is a rich source of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), primarily eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), along with other fatty acids like palmitic and oleic acids. While fish oils in general are extensively studied for their health benefits, specific research on Hoki oil is emerging, with growing evidence from animal studies and some human trials. It is primarily used as a dietary supplement to support cardiovascular health, reduce inflammation, and potentially offer metabolic benefits, similar to other omega-3 supplements.
Benefits
Hoki oil, due to its omega-3 content, contributes to cardiovascular health by potentially reducing triglycerides and inflammation. Animal studies suggest it may offer metabolic benefits, such as improved body weight regulation and lipid metabolism, particularly when included in high-fat diets. For instance, research on mice indicated that Hoki liver oil improved metabolic parameters and body weight. Additionally, peptides derived from Hoki have shown antioxidant properties, suggesting potential cellular protection. While specific effect sizes for Hoki oil are not well-established, general omega-3 meta-analyses indicate modest reductions in cardiovascular events. Benefits typically require weeks to months of consistent intake, and it is likely beneficial for populations at risk of cardiovascular disease or inflammatory conditions.
How it works
The primary mechanism of action for Hoki oil involves its omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA, which modulate inflammatory pathways. They achieve this by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and reducing the production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. These fatty acids integrate into cell membranes, influencing their fluidity and function, and can also impact gene expression related to inflammation. Furthermore, EPA and DHA serve as precursors for specialized pro-resolving mediators like resolvins and protectins, which actively promote the resolution of inflammation. Hoki oil interacts with the cardiovascular system by influencing lipid metabolism and endothelial function, and with the immune system through its anti-inflammatory effects. Its absorption and bioavailability are similar to other fish oils, potentially influenced by the lipid form and processing methods.
Side effects
Hoki oil is generally considered safe when consumed at recommended doses, similar to other fish oils. Common side effects are typically mild and include gastrointestinal discomfort and a fishy aftertaste. Uncommon or rare side effects may include an increased risk of bleeding, particularly at very high doses, though no specific adverse events have been uniquely linked to Hoki oil. Due to its omega-3 content, Hoki oil has potential interactions with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs, which could increase the risk of bleeding. Therefore, caution is advised for individuals with bleeding disorders or those on blood thinners. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should consult their healthcare providers before supplementation, although omega-3s are generally considered beneficial during pregnancy.
Dosage
For general omega-3 benefits, a minimum effective dose of 250–500 mg combined EPA+DHA daily is typically recommended, based on general fish oil guidelines. For specific cardiovascular or inflammatory conditions, clinical trials often utilize higher dosages, ranging from 1–4 g/day of combined EPA+DHA. However, specific optimal dosing for Hoki oil itself is not yet well-defined. Regulatory agencies generally consider up to 3–4 g/day of EPA+DHA safe, with higher doses requiring medical supervision. Hoki oil can be taken with meals to enhance absorption and minimize gastrointestinal side effects. Purified and standardized Hoki oil supplements are preferred to ensure consistent EPA/DHA content, and absorption can be further improved when consumed with a fatty meal. Some supplements may include Vitamin E as a cofactor to prevent oil oxidation.
FAQs
Is Hoki oil different from other fish oils?
Yes, Hoki oil has a unique fatty acid profile with some distinct PUFAs, but it primarily provides EPA and DHA, similar to other marine oils.
Is Hoki oil safe for long-term use?
Yes, similar to other omega-3 fish oils, long-term use of Hoki oil at recommended doses is generally considered safe.
How soon can I expect to see benefits from Hoki oil?
Cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory effects from Hoki oil, like other omega-3s, typically require several weeks to months of consistent supplementation to become noticeable.
Does Hoki oil have anti-inflammatory effects?
Yes, Hoki oil possesses anti-inflammatory effects due to its omega-3 content and unique fatty acids that can inhibit COX enzymes, modulating inflammatory pathways.
Research Sources
- https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/4129A9E140F2FD171844EC6225225E82/S0007114520002342a.pdf/new_zealand_greenlipped_mussel_oilenriched_highfat_diet_exhibits_beneficial_effects_on_body_weight_and_metabolism_in_mice.pdf – This animal study investigated the effects of Hoki liver oil on mice fed a high-fat diet. It found that Hoki liver oil improved metabolic parameters and body weight, suggesting potential benefits for metabolic health. The study also characterized the unique fatty acid profile of Hoki oil.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36103100/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis examined 15 RCTs on various omega-3 sources and their impact on cardiovascular outcomes. It concluded that omega-3 supplements show mixed results for definitive cardiovascular prevention claims, highlighting the need for more targeted research.
- https://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstreams/69cf7762-1f81-420d-a651-18642c0a5e54/download – This review discusses the unique anti-inflammatory polyunsaturated fatty acids found in marine oils, including Hoki oil and Green-lipped mussel oil. It highlights their bioavailability and mechanism of action, particularly their ability to inhibit COX enzymes, providing a mechanistic rationale for their anti-inflammatory properties.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34664872/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis of multiple RCTs on fish oil generally supports the cardiovascular benefits of marine omega-3s. It found that fish oil modestly reduces the risk of coronary heart disease, although it notes heterogeneity across studies and is not specific to Hoki oil.
