grape seed
Also known as: Grape Seed Extract, GSE, Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins, Grape Seed Polyphenols, Vitis vinifera
Overview
Grape seed extract (GSE) is derived from the seeds of grapes (*Vitis vinifera*), a byproduct of winemaking and grape juice production. It is rich in oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs), which are potent antioxidants. GSE is primarily used as a dietary supplement to support cardiovascular health, including blood pressure regulation and lipid profile improvement. It is also investigated for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The key characteristics of GSE are its high polyphenol content, especially proanthocyanidins, which exhibit strong free radical scavenging activity. It is water-soluble and typically administered orally in capsule or tablet form. Research on GSE is moderately to advanced, with numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews/meta-analyses available, particularly focusing on cardiovascular endpoints such as blood pressure and lipid profiles. The available evidence includes systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs with adequate sample sizes and control groups, though some heterogeneity exists among studies.
Benefits
Grape seed extract (GSE) has several evidence-based benefits. Meta-analysis of 16 RCTs showed significant reductions in systolic blood pressure (SBP) by approximately 6.1 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) by about 2.8 mmHg compared to placebo. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 RCTs found GSE supplementation significantly decreased LDL-cholesterol by 0.17 mmol/L and triglycerides (TAG) by 0.11 mmol/L. No significant overall effect was observed on total cholesterol or HDL-cholesterol, though reductions were noted in shorter-duration studies (<10 weeks) and with doses <300 mg/day. Additionally, a systematic review including multiple biomarkers showed GSE supplementation positively modulated oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. These benefits have been demonstrated in generally healthy adults and populations with mild dyslipidemia or prehypertension. The blood pressure reductions are clinically meaningful, comparable to lifestyle interventions. Effects on lipids and blood pressure are typically observed within 8-16 weeks of supplementation.
How it works
Grape seed extract (GSE) exerts its antioxidant effects by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. It may improve endothelial function by enhancing nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, leading to vasodilation and blood pressure reduction. The primary biological pathways involve the cardiovascular system (endothelial cells, lipid metabolism), inflammatory pathways, and oxidative stress regulation. Proanthocyanidins in GSE modulate oxidative enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, and lipid metabolism enzymes. These compounds have variable bioavailability; smaller oligomers are better absorbed. Metabolism occurs in the gut and liver, with metabolites exerting systemic effects.
Side effects
Grape seed extract (GSE) is generally well tolerated with a good safety profile in clinical trials. Common side effects, occurring in more than 5% of users, include mild gastrointestinal discomfort such as nausea and indigestion. Uncommon side effects, affecting 1-5% of users, may include headache and dizziness. Rare side effects, occurring in less than 1% of users, include allergic reactions. There are potential interactions with anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin) due to mild antiplatelet effects, so caution is advised. Contraindications include known allergy to grape products. Caution is also advised in pregnancy and lactation due to limited data. Limited data are available for children, while elderly populations generally tolerate GSE well. It is important to monitor for any adverse reactions and discontinue use if significant side effects occur.
Dosage
The minimum effective dose of grape seed extract (GSE) is around 150 mg/day of a standardized extract. Optimal dosage ranges appear to be between 150–300 mg/day for cardiovascular benefits. Up to 600 mg/day has been used safely in trials, but higher doses lack extensive safety data. Daily dosing with meals may improve absorption and reduce gastrointestinal side effects. Standardized extracts with defined proanthocyanidin content (e.g., 95%) are preferred for consistency. Bioavailability is enhanced by co-administration with food, and gut microbiota may influence metabolism. No specific cofactors are required, but overall diet quality may impact effectiveness.
FAQs
Is grape seed extract safe for long-term use?
Current evidence supports safety for up to several months; long-term safety data are limited, so caution is advised with prolonged use.
How soon can benefits be expected?
Blood pressure and lipid improvements generally appear within 8-16 weeks of consistent supplementation.
Can grape seed extract replace medications?
It may complement but should not replace prescribed cardiovascular medications without medical advice from a healthcare provider.
Are all grape seed extracts equal?
No; standardized extracts with known proanthocyanidin content are recommended to ensure consistent potency and effectiveness.
Does grape seed extract cause weight loss?
There is no strong evidence supporting weight loss effects from grape seed extract supplementation.
Research Sources
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34107109/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the impact of grape seed extract (GSE) on oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers. The study found that GSE supplementation significantly improved oxidative stress markers, supporting its antioxidant role. The authors noted limitations including heterogeneity in biomarkers measured and study populations.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32138795/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis analyzed 11 RCTs with 536 participants, focusing on serum lipid changes following grape seed extract (GSE) supplementation. The study found that GSE significantly reduced LDL-cholesterol by 0.17 mmol/L and triglycerides by 0.11 mmol/L. The authors noted moderate heterogeneity and some variability in extract doses and durations.
- https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/effects-of-grape-seed-extract-on-dyslipidaemia-a-systematic-review-and-doseresponse-metaanalysis-of-randomised-controlled-trials/B599121C6BE107077B5BED88BC8F46D2 – This systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis examined the effects of grape seed extract on dyslipidemia using data from randomized controlled trials. The analysis provides a comprehensive overview of how GSE impacts lipid profiles, offering insights into effective dosages and potential benefits for individuals with dyslipidemia. The study contributes to the understanding of GSE's role in cardiovascular health.
- https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/2/654 – This study likely investigates the nutritional aspects of grape seed extract, potentially focusing on its composition, bioavailability, or health effects. Further review of the full text would be needed to provide a more detailed summary of its findings and conclusions. The research likely contributes to the broader understanding of GSE's role in nutrition and health.
- https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/fulltext/2016/08160/the_impact_of_grape_seed_extract_treatment_on.6.aspx – This study evaluates the impact of grape seed extract (GSE) treatment, likely focusing on specific health outcomes or biomarkers. The research provides insights into the potential therapeutic applications of GSE. The study contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of GSE for various health benefits.
Supplements Containing grape seed
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