Draksha (Vitis vinifera) Fruit
Also known as: Draksha, grape, grapevine, Vitis vinifera
Overview
Vitis vinifera, commonly known as grape or Draksha in Ayurveda, is a deciduous climbing plant native to Europe and Central Asia, widely cultivated for its fruit. The fruit and its derivatives, including grape seed extract (GSE) and grape pomace, are rich in bioactive polyphenols such as resveratrol, flavonoids, and stilbenoids. Traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine, V. vinifera is now studied primarily for cardiovascular, antioxidant, and skin health benefits. The research maturity is moderate to high, with multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses available, particularly on grape seed extract. The quality of evidence is generally good, with systematic reviews confirming some cardiovascular benefits. It is available in various forms, including whole fruit, juice, grape seed extract capsules, and powders.
Benefits
- **Cardiovascular health:** A systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that grape seed extract supplementation significantly improves flow-mediated dilation (FMD), reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and lowers heart rate, indicating improved endothelial function and cardiovascular parameters. Longer supplementation (>8 weeks) yields more pronounced benefits. - **Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects:** Vitis vinifera fruit and seed extracts contain potent antioxidants such as resveratrol, vitisins, and piceatannol, which scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress markers. These effects contribute to reduced inflammation and potential protection against chronic diseases. - **Skin health:** Extracts from V. vinifera have been reported to improve skin hydration, elasticity, and protection against UV-induced damage, attributed to their polyphenolic content. However, clinical evidence is less robust compared to cardiovascular outcomes and mostly from smaller trials or in vitro studies. - **Other potential benefits:** Preliminary data suggest neuroprotective, anti-cancer, and metabolic regulatory effects, but these require further high-quality RCTs for confirmation.
How it works
The polyphenols in Vitis vinifera, especially proanthocyanidins and resveratrol, exert antioxidant effects by neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS). They improve endothelial nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, enhancing vasodilation and reducing blood pressure. Anti-inflammatory pathways include inhibition of NF-κB signaling and downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Key molecular targets include endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inflammatory mediators (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6), and oxidative stress enzymes. Polyphenols have variable bioavailability; grape seed extract formulations often enhance absorption.
Side effects
Vitis vinifera fruit and seed extracts are generally well tolerated. Common side effects include mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Uncommon side effects include rare allergic reactions. No serious adverse events have been reported in well-conducted RCTs. There is a potential interaction with anticoagulants due to mild antiplatelet effects, so caution is advised. Contraindications include hypersensitivity to grape products, and caution is advised in pregnancy and lactation due to limited data. Safety in children and severely immunocompromised patients has not been established.
Dosage
Meta-analysis suggests doses starting from 100 mg/day of grape seed extract polyphenols. Optimal dosage ranges are 150–300 mg/day of grape seed extract polyphenols for cardiovascular benefits. Up to 600 mg/day has been used safely in trials, but higher doses require caution. Daily supplementation for at least 8 weeks is recommended to observe significant effects. Standardized grape seed extract capsules are preferred for consistent polyphenol content. Taking with meals may enhance absorption; formulations with enhanced bioavailability are advantageous.
FAQs
Is grape seed extract the same as grape fruit extract?
No, grape seed extract is a concentrated source of polyphenols from seeds, often more potent than whole fruit extracts.
How soon can benefits be expected?
Cardiovascular improvements typically appear after 4–8 weeks of consistent use.
Are there any known allergies?
Rare allergic reactions can occur; those with grape allergies should avoid.
Can it replace medications for hypertension?
No, it may complement but not replace prescribed antihypertensive drugs.
Research Sources
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34798267/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis of 19 controlled trials found that grape seed extract supplementation significantly improves flow-mediated dilation, reduces systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and lowers heart rate. The effects showed dose- and duration-dependence, with longer supplementation yielding more pronounced benefits. The study highlights the potential of grape seed extract for improving cardiovascular health.
- https://botanyjournals.com/assets/archives/2023/vol8issue4/8042-1682164558130.pdf – This literature review summarized the traditional uses and phytochemical profile of Vitis vinifera (Draksha). It highlighted antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular benefits based on multiple studies, emphasizing the presence of resveratrol and other stilbenoids as active compounds. While a narrative review, it provides valuable context regarding the phytochemical properties of Draksha.
- https://eprajournals.com/IJSR/article/7302/download – This review discussed the presence of stilbenoids and flavonoids in various parts of V. vinifera and reported potential skin protective effects, antioxidant activity, and anti-aging properties. The evidence is mostly from in vitro and small clinical studies, suggesting promising dermatological applications. The review focuses on the potential of Vitis vinifera for skin health.
- https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/9/11/1627 – This study investigates the impact of grape seed extract on gut microbiota and metabolic health. It reveals that grape seed extract can modulate gut microbiota composition, potentially leading to improved metabolic outcomes. The research highlights the interplay between grape seed extract, gut health, and overall metabolic well-being.
- https://olivinolife.com/pages/the-science-grape-seed – This resource provides an overview of the science behind grape seed extract, focusing on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It highlights the role of grape seed extract in supporting cardiovascular health and protecting against oxidative stress. The information is presented in an accessible format for general understanding.