Elderberry concentrate
Also known as: Elderberry, black elderberry, European elderberry, American elderberry, blue elderberry, Sambucus nigra
Overview
Elderberry concentrate, derived from the fruit of the Sambucus nigra species, is a botanical supplement rich in bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. It is primarily utilized as a natural remedy for upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), including the common cold and influenza, owing to its purported antiviral and immunomodulatory properties. Beyond its medicinal applications, elderberry is also incorporated into various foods, beverages, and supplements for its significant antioxidant content. Research on elderberry is moderately mature, with several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses supporting its efficacy. While more large-scale studies are needed for definitive conclusions, the existing evidence, generally of moderate quality, suggests that elderberry can effectively reduce the severity and duration of viral respiratory illnesses.
Benefits
Elderberry supplementation has been shown to significantly reduce the duration and severity of upper respiratory symptoms caused by viral infections like influenza and the common cold. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials involving 180 participants reported a large mean effect size for symptom reduction compared to placebo, demonstrating statistical significance (p < 0.05). This suggests that elderberry can offer clinically meaningful symptom relief and faster recovery times. Furthermore, elderberry may reduce the need for conventional medications and antibiotics in viral URTIs, providing a potentially safer alternative for routine cases. Its immunomodulatory effects include the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ) and a shift toward a Th2-helper cell response, which can help modulate inflammation during viral infections. While benefits have been primarily observed in adults with viral respiratory infections, data on children and elderly populations are less robust but show promise.
How it works
Elderberry's antiviral activity is primarily attributed to its high content of anthocyanins and flavonoids. These compounds are believed to inhibit viral replication and prevent viruses from attaching to host cells. Beyond its direct antiviral actions, elderberry also modulates immune responses. It achieves this by decreasing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are signaling molecules that can contribute to excessive inflammation during an infection, and by promoting anti-inflammatory pathways. This dual action helps to reduce excessive immune activation and manage the body's inflammatory response during viral illnesses. The bioavailability of elderberry's active compounds is influenced by the specific form of the concentrate and other co-ingested nutrients, with anthocyanins being absorbed but undergoing metabolism.
Side effects
Elderberry concentrate is generally considered safe when consumed within recommended dosages. The most commonly reported side effects, occurring in over 5% of users, are mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Uncommon side effects, affecting 1-5% of individuals, include allergic reactions, particularly in those sensitive to elderberry or related plants. Serious adverse events have been rare, with no such occurrences reported in controlled clinical trials. Importantly, research has found no evidence of immune overstimulation or the risk of a 'cytokine storm' associated with elderberry use. While no significant drug interactions have been definitively documented, caution is advised when combining elderberry with immunosuppressant medications due to its known immunomodulatory effects. Elderberry is contraindicated in individuals with a known allergy to elderberry or other plants in the Sambucus genus. Data on its use in pregnant or breastfeeding women are limited, and therefore, it should be used with caution in these populations.
Dosage
The minimum effective dose of elderberry concentrate varies depending on the specific preparation, but clinical studies often utilize 300–600 mg of standardized elderberry extract daily. For optimal results during acute illness, clinical trials typically recommend 300–600 mg of elderberry extract taken 3–4 times daily. The maximum safe dose has not been definitively established, but doses up to 2400 mg/day have appeared safe in short-term trials. Elderberry is most effective when initiated at the very first signs of symptoms. For consistency and efficacy, concentrates standardized for their anthocyanin content are preferred. While no specific cofactors are required, overall nutritional status can influence immune response. Co-administration with food may potentially improve the absorption of anthocyanins, which have moderate bioavailability.
FAQs
Is elderberry safe for long-term use?
Limited data exist on the long-term safety of elderberry. It is generally recommended for short-term use, primarily during acute infections, rather than for continuous daily supplementation.
Can elderberry prevent viral infections?
While elderberry is effective in reducing the duration and severity of symptoms once an infection has begun, evidence specifically supporting its ability to prevent viral infections is currently limited.
Does elderberry overstimulate the immune system?
No, there is no evidence from scientific studies to suggest that elderberry overstimulates the immune system or poses a risk of inducing a 'cytokine storm'.
When should elderberry be taken?
For the best effect, elderberry should be taken at the very first sign of cold or flu symptoms. Starting early can help reduce symptom severity and duration.
Are all elderberry products equally effective?
No, not all elderberry products are equally effective. Products that are standardized for their anthocyanin content are generally preferable as they ensure a consistent and effective dose of the active compounds.
Research Sources
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30670267/ – This meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) found that elderberry supplementation significantly reduced the duration and severity of upper respiratory symptoms. The study included 180 participants and reported a large effect size, supporting elderberry's clinical efficacy in managing viral URTIs.
- https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540105.2021.1978941 – This study, which included both an RCT and in vitro/ex vivo components, demonstrated that anthocyanin-enriched elderberry extract reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and exhibited antiviral effects against the MVA virus. It provides mechanistic insights into how elderberry modulates immune responses and acts against viruses.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33827515/ – This systematic review concluded that elderberry is a safe and effective option for viral respiratory illnesses. It specifically highlighted that there is no evidence of immune overstimulation, addressing a common safety concern and reinforcing elderberry's favorable safety profile.
Supplements Containing Elderberry concentrate
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