Copper/Cuivre (copper (II) citrate/citrate de cuivre (II))
Also known as: citrate de cuivre (II), cupric citrate, copper citrate, copper (II) citrate
Overview
Copper (II) citrate, or citrate de cuivre (II), is a chelated form of copper that serves as an essential trace element in various biological processes. It plays a significant role in enzyme functions, immune response, and connective tissue health. While systemic copper deficiency can lead to impairment in vital physiological functions, adequate supplementation has shown positive effects on growth parameters in animal model studies. In terms of human applications, copper is commonly supplemented to support cardiovascular health and metabolic functions, though results have been mixed and require further investigation. Typical sources of copper in diet include shellfish, whole grains, legumes, and nuts, and it is available in various supplemental forms including copper glycinate and cupric sulfate.
Benefits
Research indicates several benefits of copper (II) citrate supplementation, particularly in animal models. In broilers, beneficial impacts on growth parameters were noted, with optimal dosages yielding improved average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Specifically, 158 mg/kg was optimal for ADG, while 217 mg/kg was best for FCR. Additionally, pig growth performance improved with copper supplementation. However, human studies have revealed inconsistent results; copper supplementation has shown no significant impact on blood lipid levels or cardiovascular health markers, indicating that while copper is essential for health, its direct benefits in human supplementation remain uncertain and necessitate further exploration.
How it works
Copper participates as a cofactor in numerous enzymatic reactions, particularly those involved in iron metabolism, connective tissue synthesis, and antioxidant defense mechanisms. Copper (II) citrate is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, enhancing the bioavailability of copper compared to inorganic forms. Through its biological pathways, copper facilitates electron transfer, playing a vital role in energy production and cellular respiration, thereby impacting various body systems including the cardiovascular and skeletal systems.
Side effects
Copper supplementation can lead to adverse effects, particularly at high doses. Symptoms may include gastrointestinal disturbances like nausea and vomiting, and excessive copper intake may cause toxicity, leading to liver damage and other systemic issues. Risk factors for copper toxicity include pre-existing liver conditions and concurrent use of certain medications. Drug interactions can occur with agents that affect copper absorption, such as zinc supplements. For safe usage, it is crucial to adhere to recommended dosages and to monitor copper levels, especially in individuals with known copper metabolism disorders or those receiving long-term supplementation.
Dosage
Recommended dosages of copper (II) citrate vary by application. In animal models, optimal dosages range from 158 mg/kg to 217 mg/kg. For humans, the average dietary allowance for copper is approximately 2 mg/day. Higher dosages may be necessary in clinical settings, but exceeding 10 mg per day should be approached with caution due to potential toxicity risks. Timing of administration may also be relevant, as copper should ideally be consumed with meals to enhance absorption. Additionally, the form of copper taken can influence its absorption efficiency, with organic forms like copper glycinate often being better absorbed than inorganic salts.
FAQs
What is copper (II) citrate used for?
Copper (II) citrate is primarily used as a dietary supplement to ensure adequate copper levels, supporting enzymatic functions, immune health, and possibly promoting growth in livestock.
Are there any side effects of copper supplementation?
Yes, potential side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, and risk of toxicity at high doses. Monitoring and adhering to recommended dosages is crucial.
How does copper impact cardiovascular health?
While copper is important for heart health, studies show mixed results in its effectiveness for improving cardiovascular markers in humans, indicating that further research is needed.
Research Sources
- https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0232876 – This meta-analysis highlights the relationship between dietary copper supplementation and growth parameters in broiler chickens, demonstrating optimal dosages for enhancing growth and feed efficiency.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22444781/ – This study investigates the effects of copper supplementation on cardiovascular health in adults, noting increased enzyme activities but inconsistent improvements in health markers.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33030656/ – This meta-analysis examines the effects of copper supplementation on blood lipid levels, concluding that there is no significant impact on total cholesterol or lipoprotein levels.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15080347/ – The research reviews the influence of copper on bone health, emphasizing the need for further studies to clarify its effects and mechanisms.
- https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/7/2246 – This article discusses dietary copper's role in human health, noting its importance yet calling attention to the risks of excessive intake and the need for balanced supplementation.
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