Citrus Naringinine
Also known as: Citrus naringin, Naringin, 7-[[2-O-(6-Deoxy-α-L-mannopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]oxy]-4',5,7-trihydroxyflavanone
Overview
Naringin is a flavonoid glycoside predominantly found in grapefruits and other citrus fruits. It is recognized for its bitter taste and potential health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. With a molecular weight of 580.54 g/mol, naringin is water-soluble and is often consumed as a dietary supplement. While research indicates promising pharmacological effects, the majority of current evidence is derived from in vitro and animal studies, necessitating further clinical trials to fully ascertain its efficacy and safety for human use. Systematic reviews have identified critical areas of potential benefit, but underscore the need for rigorous human studies for comprehensive understanding.
Benefits
Naringin has demonstrated several evidence-backed benefits. Primarily, it possesses anticancer properties by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in multiple cancer cell lines, including glioblastoma and breast cancer cells. Secondary benefits include its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, which may aid in mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress, particularly beneficial for metabolic syndromes and liver health. The evidence shows varying effect sizes across studies, with notable cytotoxic effects observed in vitro. However, specific population-centric benefits are yet to be clearly defined, highlighting a broader applicability rather than targeting specific groups.
How it works
Naringin modulates multiple biological pathways, influencing cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation. It interacts with critical signaling molecules, affecting processes such as angiogenesis. Notably, naringin targets specific pathways, including the FAK/cyclin D1 pathway in glioblastoma and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in colon cancer. Despite its beneficial actions, naringin faces challenges in bioavailability, mainly due to extensive metabolism in the gut and liver that limits its efficacy.
Side effects
Naringin is generally regarded as safe when used appropriately. Common adverse effects include gastrointestinal disturbances experienced by over 5% of users, while rarer reactions such as allergic responses may affect 1-5%. Though severe side effects are not well-documented, there exists a potential for interactions with medications metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Pregnant or breastfeeding women are advised to consult healthcare providers prior to supplementation. Overall, while naringin's safety profile appears favorable, caution with high doses is warranted to minimize gastrointestinal complaints.
Dosage
While the minimum effective dose for naringin has yet to be established, optimal daily dosages typically range from 100 to 500 mg. Specific recommendations for timing or form are not well-defined, though naringin is generally consumed via capsules or powdered supplements. Enhancing absorption may be achieved with specific formulations or synergistic compounds. Safety thresholds for maximum dosages remain unclear, necessitating caution and adherence to general supplement practices to avoid potential adverse effects.
FAQs
Is naringin safe to take as a supplement?
Yes, naringin is generally considered safe, but high doses might cause gastrointestinal issues. Consulting a healthcare provider is recommended before starting supplementation.
Can naringin interact with medications?
Yes, naringin may interact with certain medications, particularly those metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes, making consultation with a healthcare provider essential.
What are the expected benefits of naringin?
Naringin may offer antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer benefits, but results can vary based on individual health status and specific conditions.
What is the best time to take naringin?
Currently, no specific timing is recommended for naringin supplementation.
Is naringin a cure for diseases?
No, naringin is not a cure. It may provide supportive health benefits but should not replace conventional medical treatment.
Research Sources
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.639840/full – This systematic review covers naringin's anticancer effects, evaluating 87 studies that highlight its modulation of various signaling pathways. Although promising for cancer prevention and treatment, the review emphasizes a lack of sufficient clinical trials.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32879962/ – Another systematic review studies naringenin, a related compound, focusing on its potential effects in managing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). While findings are encouraging, the need for human clinical trials is identified.
- https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/82/9/1292/7272715?login=false – This review discusses citrus fruits' influence on energy metabolism and body weight, providing context for the metabolic benefits of citrus-derived compounds like naringin, although specific emphasis on naringin is limited.
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ptr.8190 – The article evaluates the pharmacological effects of naringin, synthesizing various research findings that support its potential health benefits and encouraging further clinical application studies.
- https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/2/332 – This study provides insights into the effects of naringin on gut health and microbiota, reinforcing its role in human health while highlighting the need for further experimental validation in human contexts.
