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Citrus Medica Extract

Also known as: Citron, cedar, etrog, foshou, fingered citron, Citrus medica extract, Citrus medica Linn.

Overview

Citrus medica, commonly known as Citron, is a species of citrus fruit belonging to the Rutaceae family, traditionally valued for its medicinal properties. This plant extract is rich in diverse bioactive compounds, including flavonoids (such as hesperidin and naringin), coumarins, terpenes (like limonene), and various phenolic acids. These constituents collectively contribute to its observed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antihyperglycemic, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. While there is a growing body of preclinical and some clinical evidence supporting its benefits, the research maturity is considered moderate. Most of the current evidence stems from in vitro and animal studies, with a limited number of well-powered human randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Systematic reviews have synthesized its phytochemical and biological properties, but robust clinical efficacy data remain preliminary.

Benefits

Citrus medica extract shows promising, albeit mostly preclinical, evidence for several health benefits. Animal studies indicate antidepressant effects, with one study showing that 250 mg/kg of extract reduced depressive-like behavior in mice, potentially by modulating nitric oxide pathways. Its anticancer potential is highlighted by a systematic review of 22 studies, predominantly preclinical, suggesting that Citrus juices and extracts can inhibit cancer cell proliferation and metastasis, pointing towards chemopreventive properties. Strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities are consistently reported in systematic reviews, attributed to its rich flavonoid and phenolic acid content. Furthermore, in vitro studies demonstrate antimicrobial and antiviral activity against various pathogens, supporting its traditional uses. There is also some evidence for antihyperglycemic effects, indicating potential for blood sugar regulation, though clinical data in this area are sparse. The strength of evidence for most benefits is currently limited to preclinical models, with human data insufficient to establish precise timelines or confirm efficacy.

How it works

Citrus medica extract exerts its biological effects through multiple mechanisms. Its primary mode of action involves potent antioxidant activity, where flavonoids and phenolic compounds effectively scavenge free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress. It also modulates inflammatory signaling pathways, leading to a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators. For mood regulation, the extract appears to influence neurotransmitter systems and nitric oxide signaling. In the context of cancer, it exhibits antiproliferative effects by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells and inhibiting pathways associated with metastasis. The bioavailability of its active compounds can vary depending on the extraction method, with flavonoid glycosides often requiring metabolic transformation for optimal absorption within the body.

Side effects

The safety profile of Citrus medica extracts is largely based on preclinical studies, with limited human safety data available. Generally, it appears safe in animal models. Common side effects are not well-documented, but like other citrus extracts, it may potentially cause mild gastrointestinal discomfort in sensitive individuals. Specific drug interactions are not extensively studied, but due to its flavonoid content, there is a theoretical potential for interactions with anticoagulants or drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes. However, concrete data to support these interactions are currently lacking. There are no established contraindications, but caution is advised for individuals with known citrus allergies. Insufficient data exist regarding its safety for special populations, including pregnant or lactating women and children, therefore, its use in these groups is not recommended without professional medical advice.

Dosage

Currently, there are no standardized human dosing guidelines for Citrus medica extract due to a lack of comprehensive clinical trials. Most available data come from animal studies, where doses such as 250 mg/kg of extract have been used to observe effects like reduced depressive-like behavior. However, these animal doses do not directly translate to human equivalent doses without further research. The optimal dosage, formulation, and timing of administration for specific health benefits in humans remain to be determined. Effects in animal models have been observed following both acute and subchronic administration. Without established human safety and efficacy data, it is crucial to exercise caution and consult with a healthcare professional before considering supplementation with Citrus medica extract.

FAQs

Is Citrus medica extract effective for depression in humans?

Current evidence for antidepressant effects is limited to animal models; human clinical trials are needed to confirm efficacy and safety in people.

Can it prevent cancer?

Preclinical studies suggest potential anticancer effects, but there is no conclusive human evidence to support its use for cancer prevention.

Is it safe?

While traditionally used and generally safe in preclinical studies, human clinical safety data are insufficient. Consult a healthcare provider before use.

How should I take Citrus medica extract?

There are no established human dosing guidelines or recommended forms. Consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice before use.

Research Sources

https://brieflands.com/articles/jrps-148619 – This RCT in mice investigated the antidepressant-like effects of Citrus medica extract. It found that a 250 mg/kg dose significantly reduced depressive-like behavior, with the mechanism potentially involving nitric oxide pathway modulation. The study provides preclinical evidence for neuroprotective properties.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2017.00420/full – This systematic review analyzed 22 studies, primarily preclinical, on the anticancer potential of Citrus juices and extracts. It concluded that these substances exhibit anticancer activity by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting metastasis, suggesting chemopreventive properties. The review highlights the need for more clinical research.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37375892/ – This systematic review provides a detailed phytochemical profile of Citrus medica and summarizes its various bioactivities. It highlights strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antihyperglycemic properties attributed to its rich flavonoid and phenolic acid content. The review synthesizes existing literature on its biological effects.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10301705/ – This article, likely a review or systematic review, further elaborates on the phytochemical composition and biological activities of Citrus medica. It reinforces the findings regarding its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, providing a comprehensive overview of its potential health benefits based on current research.