Chaste Berry Extract
Also known as: Chasteberry, chaste tree, monk's pepper, Vitex agnus-castus L.
Overview
Chasteberry extract, derived from the fruit of the Vitex agnus-castus plant, is a widely used herbal supplement for female reproductive health. It is traditionally employed to alleviate symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), mastalgia (breast pain), and menstrual irregularities. The extract contains bioactive compounds, notably flavonoids like casticin, which are believed to exert dopaminergic and opioidergic effects. Its primary mechanism involves modulating hormonal pathways, particularly by influencing prolactin secretion and potentially interacting with estrogen and progesterone receptors. Research on chasteberry is relatively mature, with numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews supporting its efficacy, although some studies exhibit methodological limitations and heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria.
Benefits
Chasteberry extract significantly reduces symptoms of PMS and PMDD. Meta-analyses of RCTs indicate that women using chasteberry are approximately 2.57 times more likely to experience symptom remission compared to placebo (95% CI 1.52–4.35). This includes improvements in mood, breast tenderness, and irritability, with effects typically emerging after 1–3 menstrual cycles. While less robust, some evidence suggests benefits in reducing mastalgia and normalizing menstrual cycles. However, there is insufficient evidence to support its efficacy for menopausal symptom relief. The most significant benefits are observed in women diagnosed with PMS or PMDD, with consistent positive effects across multiple trials. The clinical significance is high, despite some heterogeneity in symptom scales and diagnostic criteria across studies.
How it works
Chasteberry extract primarily exerts its effects by influencing dopaminergic pathways. It inhibits the release of prolactin from the pituitary gland, a hormone implicated in the symptomatology of PMS. The extract also contains flavonoids, such as casticin, which activate mu- and delta-opioid receptors, potentially contributing to its pain-modulating and mood-enhancing properties. Furthermore, chasteberry may exhibit phytoestrogenic activity through interactions with estrogen and progesterone receptors, although these mechanisms are less clearly defined. In vitro studies also suggest that chasteberry can inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, which could influence the metabolism of certain drugs.
Side effects
Chasteberry is generally well tolerated with a low incidence of adverse effects. Common side effects, though not extensively documented, may include mild gastrointestinal discomfort or skin reactions. Uncommon side effects (1–5%) reported in studies include headache and allergic reactions. Rare side effects (<1%) are not well characterized. Potential drug interactions include interference with dopamine agonists, hormonal therapies (including oral contraceptives), and substrates of CYP450 enzymes (CYP2C19 and CYP3A4); caution is advised, and clinical relevance requires further clarification. Chasteberry is contraindicated or should be used with extreme caution in individuals with hormone-sensitive cancers due to its potential phytoestrogenic activity. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should avoid its use due to insufficient safety data in these populations.
Dosage
Effective dosages of chasteberry extract in clinical trials typically range from 20 to 40 mg daily, often standardized to contain 0.5% agnuside or other equivalent marker compounds. To observe significant benefits, a treatment duration of at least 2–3 menstrual cycles is recommended, as effects are not immediate. There is no established maximum safe dose, and doses exceeding the studied ranges lack sufficient safety data. Oral administration is the standard method of intake. While specific cofactors are not required, consistent daily dosing is crucial for optimal results. Bioavailability factors are not yet well characterized.
FAQs
How soon will I see results?
Symptom improvement typically begins after 1–3 menstrual cycles of continuous use.
Can it be used with hormonal contraceptives?
Potential interactions suggest caution; it is advisable to consult a healthcare provider before combining them.
Does it work for menopausal symptoms?
Current scientific evidence does not support the efficacy of chasteberry for relieving menopausal symptoms.
Are there risks for breast cancer patients?
Due to its potential phytoestrogenic effects, use is not recommended for breast cancer patients without medical advice.
Research Sources
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31780016/ – This meta-analysis included three high-quality RCTs (n=520 women) using standardized Vitex extracts. It found a significant increase in PMS symptom remission (RR=2.57; 95% CI 1.52–4.35), supporting chasteberry's efficacy. The study followed high methodological rigor, though it noted limitations due to the small number of included studies and heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria.
- https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/chasteberry-for-pms-and-pmdd/ – This source provides an overview of chasteberry's use for PMS and PMDD, summarizing its potential benefits and mechanisms. It highlights the consistent positive effects observed in various studies, emphasizing its role in modulating hormonal pathways relevant to these conditions.
- https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/chasteberry – This resource from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center details chasteberry's uses, potential side effects, and drug interactions. It provides a comprehensive safety profile, including warnings for hormone-sensitive conditions and interactions with medications, particularly those affecting hormone levels or CYP450 enzymes.
- https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-0032-1327831.pdf – This systematic review examined 12 RCTs focusing on PMS, PMDD, and hyperprolactinemia. It concluded that Vitex extracts are effective and safe for PMS, comparing favorably to pyridoxine and placebo. The review noted variability in extract standardization and outcome assessment as limitations.
- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28237870/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis included 14 RCTs on various Vitex preparations. It found consistent positive effects on PMS and PMDD symptoms compared to placebo and active comparators. The study acknowledged heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria and outcome measures across the included trials, suggesting a moderate to high risk of bias in some studies.
Supplements Containing Chaste Berry Extract
Recommended Articles
Herbal Boosters & COVID-19 Antivirals: Safe Mix?
Herbal supplements may interact with COVID-19 antivirals, requiring careful consideration and further research.
Top Immune Support Ingredients: What Works?
Vitamin D, zinc, and echinacea are key ingredients in immune support supplements, backed by scientific evidence.
Top Anti-Inflammatory Supplement Ingredients
Curcumin, omega-3 fatty acids, CBD, and Vitamin D are proven to effectively reduce chronic inflammation.
Best Supplements for Cortisol Reduction: A Scientific Guide
Adaptogens like Ashwagandha and Rhodiola, along with Phosphatidylserine, are effective in reducing cortisol levels, supported by scientific studies.