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Cassia Extract

Also known as: Cinnamomum aromaticum, Cassia cinnamon, Chinese cinnamon, Chinese cassia, Cinnamomum cassia

Overview

Cassia extract is derived from the bark of Cinnamomum cassia, a distinct species from Cinnamomum verum (true cinnamon). It is widely used as a dietary supplement, primarily for its purported benefits in improving glycemic control and lipid profiles, particularly in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The extract's key characteristics stem from its active compounds, notably cinnamaldehyde and various polyphenols, which are believed to influence glucose metabolism. While research on cassia extract is moderate, with several randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses available, the findings are somewhat mixed. Some studies indicate statistically significant effects on fasting blood glucose, but its impact on long-term glycemic markers like HbA1c and lipid parameters remains inconsistent. It is commonly available in dehydrated powder and water extract forms.

Benefits

Meta-analyses suggest that cassia cinnamon powder can significantly reduce fasting blood glucose (FBG) by approximately −1.55 mmol/L and postprandial glucose area under the curve (AUC) by −51.8 mmol/L·min. Water extracts of cassia have also shown a significant reduction in FBG by −0.76 mmol/L. These effects are most relevant for individuals with impaired glucose metabolism or T2DM, though the benefits are considered modest. However, cassia intake has not consistently shown to alter HbA1c levels, indicating limited impact on long-term glycemic control. Furthermore, improvements in lipid profiles (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL) are not consistently supported by high-quality evidence, with some meta-analyses finding no significant effects at common doses (1-2 g/day). The strength of evidence for FBG reduction is moderate to strong, while for HbA1c and lipids, it is weak or inconsistent.

How it works

The primary mechanism of action for cassia extract involves its bioactive compounds, mainly cinnamaldehyde and polyphenols. These compounds are thought to enhance insulin receptor signaling and promote glucose uptake in peripheral tissues, thereby improving insulin sensitivity. Additionally, cassia extract may inhibit enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion, which helps to reduce postprandial glucose spikes. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may also contribute to overall metabolic health improvements. The absorption and bioavailability of these compounds can vary depending on the preparation form, with both powder and water extracts demonstrating some efficacy.

Side effects

Cassia cinnamon is generally considered safe when consumed at typical doses, with meta-analyses reporting no significant adverse effects. Rare and mild side effects may include gastrointestinal discomfort. A key safety concern with cassia is its coumarin content. At high doses, coumarin can be hepatotoxic, meaning it can cause liver damage. Therefore, caution is advised with long-term, high-dose use, especially for individuals with pre-existing liver conditions. While no major drug interactions have been conclusively identified, individuals on anticoagulant medications should exercise caution due to potential interactions. Sufficient safety data for special populations, such as pregnant women and children, are lacking, and its use in these groups is not recommended without medical supervision.

Dosage

Effective doses of cassia bark powder in studies typically range from 1 to 3 grams per day. Some meta-analyses suggest that doses below 3 g/day may have limited efficacy on glycemic and lipid parameters, implying that higher doses might be necessary for more pronounced effects. The duration of supplementation in clinical trials is commonly 8 to 12 weeks, with longer-term effects remaining less clear. Cassia extract is available in various forms, including dehydrated powder and water extracts, both of which have demonstrated some efficacy in reducing fasting glucose. While absorption may be influenced by co-ingestion with meals, no specific cofactors are required for its uptake. There are no universally established upper limits, but due to coumarin content, prolonged high-dose intake should be approached cautiously.

FAQs

Is cassia extract effective for diabetes?

Cassia extract can modestly lower fasting blood glucose, but current evidence does not show a significant reduction in long-term blood sugar markers like HbA1c.

Is cassia extract safe to use?

It is generally safe at typical doses. However, high doses or prolonged use should be avoided due to its coumarin content, which can be harmful to the liver.

How long does it take to see effects from cassia extract?

Clinical studies typically observe effects within 8 to 12 weeks of consistent supplementation.

Does cassia extract improve cholesterol levels?

Evidence regarding cassia extract's effect on cholesterol and other lipid parameters is inconsistent, with many studies showing no significant improvement at common doses.

Can cassia extract replace diabetes medication?

No, cassia extract should not replace prescribed diabetes medication. It may be used as an adjunct, but always consult a healthcare professional.

Research Sources

https://synapse.koreamed.org/articles/1081520 – This meta-analysis by Lee et al. (2017) investigated the effects of cassia powder and water extract on glycemic control. It found significant reductions in fasting glucose and postprandial glucose AUC with cassia, but no significant changes in HbA1c, suggesting a short-term rather than long-term glycemic benefit. The study highlighted heterogeneity in cinnamon preparations across trials.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8361532/ – Dutta et al. (2021) conducted a meta-analysis on cassia bark powder (1-2 g/day for 90 days) in T2DM patients. This study concluded that there were no significant effects on fasting glucose, HbA1c, or lipid parameters, suggesting that the doses used might be too low or that longer, larger trials are needed to confirm any potential benefits.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.790901/full – This umbrella review by Di Pierro et al. (2022) assessed the safety of cinnamon, including cassia, across multiple meta-analyses. It concluded that cinnamon is generally safe with no significant adverse effects reported, while also noting the considerable heterogeneity in study designs and types of cinnamon used in the reviewed literature.