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Bromelain (From Pineapple) (600 GDU/G)

Also known as: Bromelain, Pineapple enzyme, Pineapple extract, Stem bromelain, Fruit bromelain

Overview

Bromelain is a group of proteolytic enzymes derived from the stem and fruit of the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus). It is commonly used for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, as well as its potential as a digestive aid. Bromelain's activity is measured in Gelatin Digesting Units (GDU), with 600 GDU/g indicating high proteolytic activity. Research suggests that bromelain can reduce inflammation, alleviate pain, and support post-surgical recovery. While generally considered safe for short-term use, long-term safety data are limited. It is available in various forms, including capsules and tablets, and is often standardized to GDU content to ensure consistent potency. The quality of available evidence is generally good for short-term anti-inflammatory and pain reduction effects, but more research is needed for long-term or disease-specific outcomes.

Benefits

Bromelain supplementation has been shown to reduce inflammatory markers and postoperative pain. Systematic reviews indicate that bromelain is associated with reduced pain and swelling after surgery, although the effect sizes can be modest and not always statistically significant across all outcomes. Emerging evidence suggests potential prophylactic and curative effects on liver health, as indicated by a recent systematic review. The strongest evidence supports its use in post-surgical recovery and sinusitis. Pain reduction is generally small to moderate, and anti-inflammatory effects are consistent but not always clinically significant. Effects on pain and inflammation are typically observed within days to weeks of supplementation.

How it works

Bromelain exerts its effects through several biological pathways. It inactivates bradykinin, reduces prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and substance P, and acts as a plasminogen activator, leading to decreased serum plasmin and increased vascular permeability. These actions primarily affect the inflammatory and circulatory systems. Orally administered bromelain is absorbed intact to some extent, but bioavailability varies depending on the formulation and source. Its molecular targets include bradykinin, PGE2, substance P, and plasminogen. By modulating these pathways, bromelain helps to reduce inflammation and pain.

Side effects

Bromelain is generally well-tolerated in short-term use, but long-term safety data are limited. Common side effects include mild gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea. Uncommon side effects include allergic reactions, particularly in individuals with pineapple allergies. Rare side effects may include severe allergic reactions and bleeding due to antiplatelet effects. Bromelain may increase the risk of bleeding when combined with anticoagulants or antiplatelet drugs. It is contraindicated in individuals with a known allergy to pineapple or bromelain, and caution is advised for those with bleeding disorders or on anticoagulant therapy. Safety during pregnancy and lactation has not been established.

Dosage

For anti-inflammatory effects, a minimum effective dose of 200–400 GDU/day is recommended. Optimal dosage ranges are typically between 500–1000 GDU/day, split into two doses. While doses up to 2000 GDU/day have been used in studies without serious adverse effects, the maximum safe dose is not well established, and long-term safety remains uncertain. For digestive support, bromelain should be taken with meals; for systemic anti-inflammatory effects, it should be taken between meals. Stem bromelain is generally more potent than fruit bromelain. Absorption may be enhanced by enteric coating or administration on an empty stomach.

FAQs

What is bromelain best used for?

Bromelain is best used for short-term anti-inflammatory or pain relief, particularly after surgery or for sinusitis. Long-term use should be monitored due to limited safety data.

Is bromelain safe for everyone?

Bromelain is generally safe for most adults. However, it should be avoided by those with pineapple allergies or bleeding risks. Consult a healthcare provider if you have concerns.

How should I take bromelain?

Take bromelain with food for digestive support or between meals for systemic effects. Follow the dosage recommendations on the product label or as advised by a healthcare provider.

What results can I expect from taking bromelain?

You can expect a modest reduction in pain and inflammation, especially after surgery or with sinusitis. It is not a cure-all and may not be effective for chronic conditions.

Can bromelain help with cardiovascular disease?

No, the evidence does not support the use of bromelain for cardiovascular disease. Its primary benefits are related to reducing inflammation and pain.

Research Sources

  • https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37157782/ – This study investigates the impact of proteolytic enzymes, including bromelain, on post-operative recovery. It suggests that these enzymes can significantly reduce edema, pain, and inflammation following surgical procedures, highlighting their potential as a natural alternative to traditional anti-inflammatory drugs.
  • https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2405457723000591 – This research explores the therapeutic effects of bromelain in treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The study suggests that bromelain can modulate the inflammatory response in the gut, potentially alleviating symptoms and promoting healing in IBD patients.
  • https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6344017/ – This review discusses the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of bromelain, emphasizing its role in reducing pain and swelling. It highlights bromelain's ability to modulate the immune system and reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, making it a valuable supplement for managing inflammatory conditions.
  • https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405457725000609 – This study investigates the effects of bromelain on osteoarthritis. The research suggests that bromelain can reduce joint pain and improve physical function in individuals with osteoarthritis, offering a potential alternative or adjunct to conventional treatments.
  • https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/6/784 – This review examines the potential benefits of bromelain in sports-related injuries. It suggests that bromelain can accelerate recovery by reducing inflammation and muscle soreness, making it a useful supplement for athletes and active individuals.