Basidiomycetes Mycelia Mushrooms Extract
Also known as: Basidiomycetes, Medicinal mushrooms, Mushroom mycelia extract, Mushroom polysaccharide extract, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus spp., Ganoderma spp., Basidiomycetes Mycelia Extract
Overview
Basidiomycetes mycelia extract is derived from the mycelium of higher fungi, including species like *Pleurotus ostreatus*, *Agaricus*, and *Ganoderma*. It's used for immune support, anti-inflammatory effects, antioxidant activity, and potential anticancer properties, and is also being researched for metabolic and cognitive benefits. The extract is rich in bioactive polysaccharides (beta-glucans), polyphenols, and other secondary metabolites that have demonstrated immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects. Research maturity is moderate to high, with numerous preclinical and clinical studies, though study quality and standardization vary. Evidence is strongest for immunomodulation and antioxidant effects, with some clinical trials and systematic reviews supporting these benefits. Evidence for anticancer and metabolic effects is promising but less robust. It is often classified as a functional food or nutraceutical.
Benefits
Basidiomycetes mycelia extract primarily offers immunomodulatory and antioxidant benefits. Immunomodulation involves increased immune cell activity and reduced inflammation. Antioxidant activity reduces oxidative stress markers. Preclinical models suggest potential tumor regression and anti-inflammatory effects. Secondary benefits include cholesterol lowering, improved glucose tolerance, antimicrobial activity, cognitive function support, wound healing, and anti-aging properties, primarily observed in animal and some human studies. Individuals with immune dysfunction, chronic inflammation, or metabolic syndrome may benefit, though clinical evidence is limited. Human RCTs show modest but statistically significant improvements in immune markers and oxidative stress. Acute effects on immune markers may be seen within days to weeks, while long-term benefits require sustained use over months.
How it works
Basidiomycetes mycelia extract works primarily by activating immune cells, such as macrophages and natural killer cells, via beta-glucan receptors. It modulates inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12, and inhibits NF-κB and AP-1 pathways. The polyphenols and flavonoids present contribute to its antioxidant activity. The extract primarily interacts with the immune and inflammatory systems, with secondary effects on the metabolic and nervous systems. Molecular targets include Toll-like receptors, NF-κB, AP-1, COX-2, iNOS, p53, p21, and retinoblastoma protein. Polysaccharides are poorly absorbed orally but may act on gut-associated lymphoid tissue, while polyphenols and smaller metabolites are more bioavailable.
Side effects
Basidiomycetes mycelia extract is generally recognized as safe for most individuals at typical doses, with adverse events being rare and mild. Common side effects, reported rarely, include mild gastrointestinal discomfort. Uncommon side effects (1-5%) include allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Rare side effects (<1%) include hypersensitivity and immune overstimulation in predisposed individuals. Drug interactions may occur, with potential for additive effects with immunosuppressants or immunostimulants. There is a theoretical risk with anticoagulants due to polyphenol content, though this is not well-documented. Contraindications include known allergy to mushrooms and caution in individuals with autoimmune conditions or on immunosuppressive therapy. Safety in pregnancy and lactation is not established, and use in children is not well-studied.
Dosage
The minimum effective dose of Basidiomycetes mycelia extract is not well-established, but typical doses range from 500 mg to 3 g daily of a standardized extract. Optimal dosage ranges are 1–3 g daily for immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects. Up to 5 g daily appears safe in short-term studies, but long-term safety at higher doses is unknown. It can be taken with or without food, with no strong evidence for timing effects. Standardized extracts (beta-glucan or polyphenol content) are preferred for consistency. Polysaccharides act locally in the gut, while polyphenols are better absorbed systemically. No specific cofactors are required, but benefits may be enhanced by a diet rich in antioxidants.
FAQs
How important is standardization of extracts?
Standardization of extracts is critical for consistent effects. Whole mushroom products may vary in potency, so look for standardized beta-glucan or polyphenol content.
Who should exercise caution when using this supplement?
Generally safe, but individuals with mushroom allergies or autoimmune conditions should avoid or use with caution. Consult a healthcare provider before use.
When and how should I take this supplement?
No specific timing is required; it can be taken daily for immune and antioxidant support. Follow the dosage recommendations on the product label or as advised by a healthcare provider.
What results can I expect from taking this supplement?
Expect modest improvements in immune markers and oxidative stress. Benefits for chronic conditions require long-term use. It is not a cure-all, but a supportive and adjunctive treatment.
Is Basidiomycetes mycelia extract a cure-all?
No, it is not a cure-all. Its effects are supportive and adjunctive, not curative. It should be used as part of a comprehensive health plan.
Research Sources
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7826851/ – This preclinical and clinical review of *Pleurotus ostreatus* extract found that it suppressed cancer cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest, and demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects by modulating cytokines and inflammatory pathways. The review highlights the potential of *Pleurotus ostreatus* as a therapeutic agent, but notes the need for more human RCTs to confirm these findings.
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6749005/ – This systematic review of Basidiomycetes found that they exhibit immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and metabolic benefits. The evidence was strongest for immunomodulation and antioxidant effects, suggesting that these mushrooms could be valuable in supporting immune function and reducing oxidative stress. However, the review also noted heterogeneity in study design and extract standardization, which limits the strength of the conclusions.
- https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/5/1339 – This meta-analysis and review of cohort studies and clinical trials found that mushroom consumption was associated with a reduced risk of several diseases, likely due to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The study suggests that incorporating mushrooms into the diet may have protective effects against chronic diseases. The authors acknowledge that the findings are limited by observational data and some small RCTs, as well as study heterogeneity.
- https://www.mdpi.com/1661-3821/2/3/10 – This review discusses the potential health benefits of mushroom polysaccharides, particularly beta-glucans. It highlights their immunomodulatory and anti-cancer properties, suggesting they can stimulate immune cell activity and inhibit tumor growth. The review emphasizes the need for further research to fully understand the mechanisms of action and clinical applications of these polysaccharides.
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/materials/articles/10.3389/fmats.2021.737377/full – This article explores the use of mushroom-derived materials in various biomedical applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and wound healing. It highlights the biocompatibility and biodegradability of these materials, making them attractive for use in medical devices and therapies. The review emphasizes the potential of mushroom-derived materials to revolutionize the field of biomedicine.