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Astaxanthin Extract

Also known as: Astaxanthin, ASX, 3,3'-dihydroxy-β,β'-carotene-4,4'-dione

Overview

Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid primarily sourced from the microalgae *Haematococcus pluvialis*, as well as krill, salmon, and other seafood. It is recognized for its potent antioxidant properties, attributed to its unique molecular structure featuring a long polyene chain with conjugated double bonds. As a dietary supplement, astaxanthin is used for its potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging effects. Research on astaxanthin is moderately mature, with several systematic reviews and meta-analyses available, although the evidence is not always consistent. It is available in various forms, including softgels, capsules, and topical creams, with oral supplementation being the most common method of consumption. The quality of evidence varies, but high-quality studies include systematic reviews and meta-analyses from reputable databases.

Benefits

Astaxanthin offers several evidence-based benefits. It exhibits significant antioxidant effects, reducing plasma malondialdehyde and isoprostane levels, which indicates reduced lipid peroxidation. High doses (≥20 mg/day) have demonstrated significant antioxidant effects on total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase. For cardiovascular health, astaxanthin consumption is associated with an increase in HDL-C and a decrease in CRP levels, particularly when administered for long periods (≥12 weeks) and at high doses (>12 mg/day). Oral astaxanthin supplementation has also shown to significantly improve skin moisture content and elasticity, with promising effects in reducing skin aging. Limited evidence suggests potential positive effects on cognitive functions and improvements in physical function and mood in elderly individuals, though more robust evidence is needed.

How it works

Astaxanthin primarily functions through its strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It mitigates oxidative stress and inflammation by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing inflammatory markers like CRP. It interacts with various body systems, including the cardiovascular system by improving lipid profiles, the skin by enhancing elasticity and moisture, and potentially the central nervous system by influencing cognitive functions. On a molecular level, astaxanthin targets oxidative stress pathways, reducing lipid peroxidation markers like malondialdehyde and isoprostane, and increasing antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase. The bioavailability of astaxanthin can vary, but high doses (≥20 mg/day) have shown significant effects, suggesting good absorption at these levels.

Side effects

Astaxanthin is generally considered safe when used at recommended doses. There is limited data on common side effects, but it is typically well-tolerated. No significant uncommon or rare side effects have been consistently reported. There is no significant evidence of drug interactions, but caution should be exercised when combining with other antioxidants or medications. No specific contraindications are well-documented, but individuals with certain health conditions should consult healthcare providers before use. Pregnant or breastfeeding women and individuals with chronic health conditions should also consult healthcare providers before using astaxanthin supplements. While generally safe, it's important to adhere to recommended dosages and consult with a healthcare professional, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are taking other medications.

Dosage

The minimum effective dose for antioxidant effects appears to be around 20 mg/day. High doses (>12 mg/day) for long periods (≥12 weeks) are associated with significant benefits in cardiovascular health and antioxidant markers. There is no established maximum safe dose, but doses up to 20 mg/day have been used in studies without significant adverse effects. No specific timing recommendations are available, but consistency in daily intake is likely beneficial. Oral supplementation is the most studied form, but topical applications also show promise for skin health. Bioavailability may be enhanced when taken with fatty meals due to its lipophilic nature. No specific cofactors are required for astaxanthin supplementation.

FAQs

Is astaxanthin safe to take?

Astaxanthin is generally safe, but individuals with health conditions should consult healthcare providers before use, especially pregnant or breastfeeding women.

When should I take astaxanthin?

Consistent daily intake is recommended, but no specific timing is required. Taking it with a fatty meal may enhance absorption due to its lipophilic nature.

What benefits can I expect from taking astaxanthin?

Improvements in antioxidant markers, skin health, and potentially cognitive and cardiovascular health can be expected with consistent, high-dose, long-term administration.

Is astaxanthin a cure-all?

No, astaxanthin is not a cure-all. Its benefits are most pronounced at high doses and with long-term administration, and it should be part of a comprehensive health plan.

Research Sources

https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/abs/10.1024/0300-9831/a000497 – This systematic review and meta-analysis of nine RCTs found that astaxanthin supplementation significantly decreased plasma malondialdehyde and isoprostane levels, indicating reduced lipid peroxidation. The study also noted increases in superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity, suggesting enhanced antioxidant defense mechanisms. However, the authors noted that data was insufficient for some outcomes and that inconsistent effects were observed over different durations.
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-01395802/related-content – This Cochrane Library review examines the effects of astaxanthin on various health outcomes. While the full details require a subscription, the review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the available evidence regarding astaxanthin's efficacy and safety for different conditions. Cochrane reviews are generally considered high-quality and provide a rigorous assessment of the evidence.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32755613/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis, encompassing 14 eligible articles, investigated the effects of astaxanthin on cardiovascular health. The key findings revealed an increase in HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and a decrease in CRP (C-reactive protein) levels with astaxanthin consumption. The authors noted that significant reductions in CRP were seen with long-term administration (≥12 weeks) and high doses (>12 mg/day).
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34578794/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis, including eleven studies, examined the impact of astaxanthin on skin aging. The results indicated improved skin moisture content and elasticity, with promising effects on reducing skin aging. The authors highlighted the need for further research to explore the effects of astaxanthin on wrinkle depth reduction, as the data was limited.
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/3/617 – This review provides a broad overview of astaxanthin's sources, bioavailability, and health benefits. It highlights astaxanthin's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as its potential applications in various areas, including cardiovascular health, skin health, and cognitive function. The review emphasizes the importance of further research to fully elucidate the mechanisms of action and optimize the use of astaxanthin as a dietary supplement.