Adenophora Tetraphylla
Also known as: Adenophora triphylla var. japonica, Ladybells, Sha Shen, Adenophora tetraphylla
Overview
Adenophora tetraphylla is a perennial herb native to East Asia, primarily known for its medicinal roots. It is closely related to Adenophora triphylla var. japonica, and these species are often studied interchangeably in research. Traditionally, it has been utilized in Chinese medicine for its purported benefits in respiratory ailments, immune support, and anti-inflammatory effects. Emerging research also suggests its potential as an adjunct in cancer therapy. The herb contains various bioactive compounds, including saponins, flavonoids, and sterols like β-sitosterol and lupeol, which are believed to contribute to its therapeutic properties. While preclinical studies show promise, robust clinical evidence, particularly large-scale randomized controlled trials, is still limited.
Benefits
Adenophora tetraphylla demonstrates several potential benefits, primarily supported by preclinical research. It exhibits anti-angiogenic and anti-cancer potential, particularly in lung cancer models, by inhibiting VEGFR2 signaling and reducing endothelial cell migration and invasion. This effect has been observed in vitro and in vivo, showing significant inhibition (p < 0.05). The herb also possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as evidenced in animal models, where it modulated adiponectin and TNF-alpha expression, suggesting benefits for obesity and metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, it has shown the ability to enhance antifungal activity and inhibit fungal biofilm formation, indicating potential utility in infectious disease adjunct therapy. Preliminary clinical data suggest potential improvements in lung function and quality of life when combined with modern medicine for conditions like pulmonary fibrosis and post-COVID-19 recovery, though these findings require further validation. While traditional use includes pediatric applications, rigorous trials for this population are needed.
How it works
The therapeutic actions of Adenophora tetraphylla are attributed to its bioactive compounds, primarily saponins, flavonoids, and sterols. Its anti-angiogenic effects are mediated by the inhibition of VEGFR2 phosphorylation and subsequent downstream signaling pathways, which reduces the formation of new blood vessels crucial for tumor growth. The anti-inflammatory and metabolic benefits stem from its ability to modulate inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, and influence adiponectin expression. In the context of fungal infections, it interacts with fungal biofilms, reducing adhesion and enhancing the efficacy of antifungal agents. While specific molecular targets are still being elucidated, it may also interact with drug transporters, potentially influencing multidrug resistance pathways in cancer. The absorption and bioavailability of its active components are not yet well characterized.
Side effects
Adenophora tetraphylla is generally considered safe based on its traditional use, with no major toxicities reported in animal studies. Common side effects are not well documented, but mild gastrointestinal discomfort is a possibility. Uncommon or rare side effects have not been significantly reported. Due to its potential effects on immune pathways and drug transporters, caution is advised regarding potential interactions with anticancer drugs and immunomodulators. Specific contraindications have not been established, but due to a lack of comprehensive safety data, it is recommended that pregnant individuals and immunocompromised patients exercise caution. While traditional formulations include pediatric use, more rigorous safety data are needed to confirm its safety in children.
Dosage
The optimal dosage for Adenophora tetraphylla has not been established through clinical trials, and traditional use doses vary widely. Preclinical studies typically use extract concentrations standardized by active components, but these do not directly translate to human dosing. A minimum effective dose and maximum safe dose have not been defined. There are no specific timing recommendations for administration; traditionally, it is consumed as a decoction or extract. The herb is studied in various forms, including root extracts, decoctions, and specific fractions (e.g., hexane fraction). Factors influencing absorption and bioavailability, such as co-administration with other herbs or food, are currently unknown, and no specific cofactors have been established to enhance its effects.
FAQs
Is Adenophora tetraphylla effective for lung cancer?
Preclinical evidence suggests anti-angiogenic and anti-cancer effects, particularly in lung cancer models, but robust clinical trials confirming efficacy in humans are currently lacking.
Can it be used safely with chemotherapy?
Some traditional formulations containing Adenophora species may enhance chemotherapy efficacy. However, direct evidence for Adenophora tetraphylla alone is limited, and consultation with a healthcare provider is essential due to potential interactions.
How long before effects are seen?
Preclinical studies have observed effects within days to weeks. However, clinical data on the time course of effects in humans are insufficient to provide a definitive answer.
Is it safe for children?
While Adenophora tetraphylla has been used traditionally in pediatric formulations, high-quality safety data specifically for children are lacking. Caution and medical consultation are advised.
Research Sources
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10856037/ – This preclinical study investigated the hexane fraction of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica root extract, finding significant inhibition of VEGFR2 phosphorylation and reduced angiogenesis in HUVECs and lung cancer cells. It also partially reversed erlotinib resistance, suggesting potential as an anti-angiogenic agent in lung cancer.
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2019.00927/full – This animal study explored the anti-oxidation and anti-obesity effects of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica in mice. It demonstrated increased antioxidant capacity, reduced inflammation, and improved metabolic markers, indicating potential benefits for metabolic health.
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7969149/ – This source describes a planned clinical trial investigating the combination of modern medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for lung function post-COVID-19. While it outlines the hypothesis of improved lung function with TCM adjuncts, it is currently a protocol and does not provide results yet.
- https://mednexus.org/doi/10.1097/CM9.0000000000001141 – This source refers to a review of related Traditional Chinese Medicine formulations containing Adenophora species. It suggests promising but preliminary findings for lung cancer and respiratory conditions, highlighting the need for more specific research on Adenophora tetraphylla itself.
